Aptheker, Herbert1939 "Maroons Within the Present Limits of the United States ," Journal of Negro History24:167-84.
2.
Berkeley, Kathleen C.1980 "Like a Plague of Locust: Immigration and Social Change in Memphis, Tennessee, 1850-1880." (Unpublished) Los Angeles : University of California.
3.
Brown, Diane Robinson1982The Church as a Predictor of Black Social Participation in Voluntary Associations. Washington, D.C.: Mental Health Research and Development Center and the Institute for Urban Affairs and Research, Howard University.
4.
Commercial Appeal Newspaper, November 30, 1976.
5.
Commercial Appeal Newspaper, June 20, 1984.
6.
Davis, Lenwood G.1980 "The Politics of Black Self-Help in the United States: A Historical Overview." In Lennox S. Yearwood (ed.), Black Organizations: Issues on Survival Techniques . Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, Inc.
7.
Drake, St. Clair and Horace Cayton1945Black Metropolis. New York: Harper.
8.
DuBois, W.E.B.1907Economic Cooperation Among American Negroes. Atlanta: The Atlanta University Press.
9.
Franklin, John Hope1967From Slavery to Freedom. New York: Vintage Books.
10.
Frazier, E. Franklin1963The Negro Church in America. New York : Schocken.
11.
Hamilton, Green P.1910Bright Side of Memphis. Memphis : G. P. Hamilton.
12.
Hyman, H.H. and C.R. Wright1971 "Trends in Voluntary Association Memberships of American Adults: Replication based on secondary analysis of National Sample Surveys ." American Sociological Review, 1971 , 36(2), 191-206.
13.
Kerri, James N.1976 "Studying Voluntary Associations as Adaptive Mechanisms: A Review of Anthropological Perspectives," Current Anthropology17(1):25-36.
14.
Klobus-Edwards, P., J.N. Edwards and D.L. Klemmack1978 "Difference in Social Participation: Black and Whites ," Social Forces, 1978, 56(4), 1035-1054.
15.
Little, Kenneth1966West African Urbanization: A Study of Voluntary Associations in Social Change . London: Cambridge University Press .
16.
Myrdal, Gunnar, Richard Sterner and Arnold Rose1944An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy . New York: Harper.
17.
Sanders, Charles L.1980 "Some Critical Issues and Problems of Black Managers in Black Organizations." In Lennox S. Yearwood (ed.), Black Organizations: Issues on Survival Techniques . Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, Inc.
18.
Williams, Charles1982 "Black Religion and the Black Church: A Southern Experience ." (Unpublished) Memphis: Memphis State University.