This research is a comparative study of civic engagement on five campuses. Based on site visits, interviews on campuses and in host communities, document analysis, and literature reviews, four key findings emerged: (a) shifting and varying emphases in main components of engagement; (b) local factors that facilitate and present barriers to engagement; (c) intellectual rationales and projects to drive new knowledge, involve faculty, and institutionalize and sustain engagement; and (d) new organizational structures to link the campus and community and share power and resources. The argument is made for a dynamic and developmental framework that acknowledges multiplicity and flow. The article concludes with an initial mapping of changing relationships between local factors and civic-engagement program emphases and an articulation of three main current theories of engagement that a developmental framework would take into account.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Addams, J. (1938). Twenty years at Hull House. New York: Macmillan.
2.
Barber, B. (1984). Strong democracy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3.
Benson, L., Harkavy, I., & Puckett, J. (2000). An implementation revolution as a strategy for fulfilling the promise of university-community partnerships: Penn-West Philadelphia as an experiment in progress. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 29(1), 24-45.
4.
Bookman, A., & Morgen, S. (Eds.). (1988). Women and the politics of empowerment. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
5.
Boss, J. A. (1994). The effect of community service work on the moral development of college ethics students. Journal of Moral Education, 23(2), 183-198.
6.
Boyer, E. (1990). Scholarship reconsidered. Princeton, NJ: Carnegie Foundation.
7.
Boyer, E. (1994). Creating the new American college. Chronicle of Higher Education, 9, A48.
8.
Boyte, H. C., & Kari, N. N. (1996). Building America: The democratic promise of public work. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
9.
Brown University. (2002). About Brown. Retrieved August 2002 from www.brown.org
Carignan, J. (1998). Curriculum and community connection: The Center for Service Learning at Bates College. In E. Zlotkowski (Ed.), Successful service-learning programs: New models for excellence in higher education (pp. 40-58). Bolton, MA: Anker Publishing Co.
12.
Checkoway, B. (1997). Reinventing the research university for public service. Journal of Planning Literature, 11(3), 308-332.
13.
Colby, A., & Ehrlich, T. (2000). Higher education and the development of civic responsibility. In T. Ehrlich (Ed.), Civic responsibility and higher education (pp. xxi-xliii). Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press.
14.
Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and education. New York: Macmillan.
15.
Dewey, J. (1927). The public and its problems. Denver, CO: Allan Swallow.
16.
Eberly, D. E. (Ed.). (2000) The essential civic society reader: Classic essays in the American civil society debate. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
17.
Edwards, B., Foley, M. W., & Diani, M. (2001). Beyond Tocqueville: Civil society and social capital debate in comparative perspective. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
18.
Edwards, B., & Marullo, S. (1999). Universities in troubled times—Institutional responses. American Behavioral Scientist, 42(5), 754-765.
19.
Ehrlich, T. (Ed.). (2000). Civic responsibility and higher education. Phoenix, AZ: American Council on Education/Oryx Press.
20.
Fullinwider, R. K. (Ed.). (1999). Civil society, democracy, and civic renewal. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
21.
Furco, A. (2001). Advancing service-learning at research universities. New Directions for Higher Education, 114, 67-78.
22.
Gamson, Z. (1997). Higher education rebuilding civic life. Change, 29, 10-12.
23.
Giles, D. D., & Eyler, J. (1994). The impact of a college community service laboratory on students’ personal, social, and cognitive outcomes. Journal of Adolescence, 17, 327-339.
24.
Harkavy, I. (1998). Organizational innovation and the creation of the new American university: The University of Pennsylvania’s Center for Community Partnerships as a case study in progress. In R. M. Lerner & L. A. K. Simon (Eds.), University-community collaborations for the twentyfirst century (pp. 275-288). New York: Garland.
25.
Harkavy, I., & Benson, L. (1998). De-Platonizing and democratizing education as the basis of service learning. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 73, 11-19.
26.
Harkavy, I., & Puckett, J. L. (1994). Lessons from Hull House for the contemporary urban university. Social Service Review, 68(3), 299-321.
27.
Hollander, E., & Hartley, M. (2000). Civic renewal in higher education: The state of the movement and need for a national network. In T. Ehrlich (Ed.), Civic responsibility and higher education (pp. 345-366). Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press.
28.
Keating, L., & Sjoquist, D. L. (2000). The use of an external organization to facilitate university-community partnerships. Cityscape: A Journal and Policy Development and Research, 5(1), 141-158.
29.
Kraft, R. J., & Krug, J. (1994). Review of research and evaluation on service learning in public and higher education. Building community: Service learning in academic disciplines. Denver: Colorado Campus Compact.
30.
Lerner, R. M., & Simon, L. A. K. (Eds.). (1998). University-community collaborations for the twentyfirst century. New York: Garland.
31.
Markus, G. H., & King, D. (1993). Integrating community service and classroom instruction enhances learning: Results from an experiment. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 15(4), 410-419.
32.
Marullo, S., & Edwards, B. (2000). Service-learning pedagogy as universities’ response to troubled times. American Behavioral Scientist, 43(5), 746-755.
33.
Matthews, D. (1997). Character for what? Higher education and public life. Educational Record, 78, 11-17.
34.
Maurrasse, D. (2001). Beyond the campus: How colleges and universities form partnerships with their communities. New York: Routledge.
35.
McCall, R. B., Groark, C. J., Strauss, M. S., & Johnson, C. N. (1998). Challenges of university-community outreach to traditional research universities. In R. M. Lerner & L. A. K. Simon (Eds.), University-community collaborations for the twenty-first century (pp. 203-230). New York: Garland.
36.
Naples, N. (Ed.) (1998). Community activism and feminist politics. New York: Routledge.
37.
Overton, B. J., & Burkhardt, J. C. (1999). Drucker could be right, but...: New leadership models for institutional-community partnerships. Applied Developmental Science, 3(4), 217-227.
38.
Portland State University. (1993). A Model for comprehensive reform in general education. Portland, OR: Author.
39.
Putnam, R. (2000). Bowlingalone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
40.
Regents of the University of Minnesota. (2001, July 10). University of Minnesota, marks of excellence. Retrieved August 2002 from www.unm.edu
41.
Ridings, D. (2001). Citizen democracy. National Civic Review, 90(2), 119-124.
42.
Sax, L. J. (2000). Citizenship development and the American college student. In T. Ehrlich (Ed.), Civic responsibility and higher education (pp. 3-18). Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press.
43.
Sirianni, C., & Friedland, L. (2001). Civic innovation in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
44.
Skocpol, T., & Fiorina, M. P. (Eds.). (1999). Civic engagement and American democracy. New York: Brookings/Russell Sage Foundation.
45.
Small, S. A., & Bogenschneider, K. (1998). Toward a scholarship of relevance: Lessons from a land-grant university. In R. M. Lerner & L. A. K. Simon (Eds.), University-community connections for the twenty-first century (pp. 255-274). New York: Garland.
46.
Thomas, N. (2000). What are colleges and universities doing about the problems: An overview of the college and university as citizen. In T. Ehrlich (Ed.), Civic responsibility in higher education (pp. 63-97). Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press.
47.
Todd, C. M., Ebata, A. T., & Hughes, R., Jr. (1998). Making university and community collaborations work. In R. M. Lerner & L. A. K. Simon (Eds.), University-community connections for the twenty-first century (pp. 231-254). New York: Garland.
48.
University of Pennsylvania. (2001, May 1). Agenda for excellence, almanac supplement. Retrieved June 2002 from www.upenn.edu/almanac
49.
Wallace, J. (2000). The problem of time: Enabling students to make long-term commitments to community-based learning. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 7, 133-142.
50.
Wiewel, W., Gaffikin, F., & Morrissey, M. (2000). Community-university partnerships for affordable housing. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 5(1), 27-46.
51.
Wuthnow, R. (1999). Loose connections: Joining together in America’s fragmented communities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
