A central theme is identified in high school texts published in the 20th century: that philanthropy and voluntary service in the late 19th and early 20th centuries formed meaningful responses to the circumstances of their times. Asecond part of the theme says that, when the time came, the third sector proved inadequate to the challenges posed by the Great Depression. The authors identify seven themes in 20th-century third sector study that elaborate this basic story: complement, challenge, auxiliary, alternative, apostasy, impediment, and transformation. The authors conclude that the third sector articulates needs, offers assurance and comfort, permits individuals to join in creating the joys of shared community life, and provides opportunities for the greatest and the least in society to make common cause.
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