Occurrence and Progression of Dental Abnormalities in the Black Fronted Duiker ( Cephalophus niger ) Due to Deficient Diet and Extreme Weather Phenomena
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online June, 2022
Occurrence and Progression of Dental Abnormalities in the Black Fronted Duiker ( Cephalophus niger ) Due to Deficient Diet and Extreme Weather Phenomena
This study aims to assess the contributory and predisposing effects of prolonged drought and climate phenomena on the occurrence of dental abnormalities among three age groups of the black duiker (Cephalophus niger). 36 skulls comprised of 18 females and 18 males were examined. Each group consisted of 8 kids (age range 0-10 months) (4 males and 4 females), 14 mature individuals (age range 1-3 years) (7 males and 7 females) and 14 adults (age range older than 3½ years) (7 males and 7 females). It was observed that the most severe defects occurred in mature and old females during prolonged drought. Morphologic disruptions of the dentition occurred more frequently on the mandible relative to the maxilla. 93% showed apical dental aberration. Bone resorption occurred in 30% and 6% of females and males respectively with profile aberrations at both time stages, tooth staining was observed in 40% of females and 8% of males, attrition accounted for 15% in each of both sexes, 28% and 3% of the females and the males had missing teeth respectively with more occurrence in the premolars and the molar teeth. Calculus was found in 4% and 9% of the females and males respectively. These findings may be useful in determination of likely age and season for occurrence of dental pathologies, in evaluation of response to irrigation and may provide information to assist in bioremediation of dental pathology.
PayneBLBro-JørgensenJ. A framework for prioritizing conservation translocations to mimic natural ecological processes under climate change: a case study with African antelopes. Biol Consv. 2016;201:230–236.
2.
BowyerRTBoyceMSGoheenJRRachlowJL. Conservation of the world’s mammals: status, protected areas, community efforts, and hunting. J Mamm. 2019;100(3):923–941. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy180.
3.
LouysJMontanariSPlummerTHertelFBishopLC. Evolutionary divergence and convergence in shape and size within African antelope proximal phalanges. J Mamm Evol. 2013;20(3):239–248. doi: 10.1007/s10914-012-9211-4.
4.
KingdonJ (ed). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals.3rd ed. Academic press; London and New York: Natural world; 1997:308.
5.
HappoldDCD. (ed) The Mammals of Nigeria. Clarendon Press 3rd edition; 1987:122–144.
6.
StaffordKJStaffordYM. The stomach of the Kafue Lechwe (Kobus lecheKafuensis). Anat Histol Embryol. 1991:20(4):299–310.
7.
International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) List of threatened species; Red List, 2012.
8.
Hernandez-FernandezMVrbaES. A complete estimate of the phylogenetic relationship in ruminantia: dated specie –level super tree of the extant ruminants. Biol Rev. 2005:80;269–302.
TerjeDJToveHASveinDM. Influence of diet on the ruminal papillae in reindeer calves. Rangifer. 1996;16(3):119–128.
11.
AwadOAElhadiOA. Seasonal variability in nutritive value of ruminant diets under open grazing system in the semi arid range land of Sudan (South Dafor State). J Agric Biol N Am. 2010:1(3):243–249.
12.
AgboCNKeneROC. Dental abnormalities of three breeds of Nigerian goats. NVJl. 1998:4;53–559.
13.
HungerfordTG. Diseases of Livestock. 8th ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company; 1975:390.
14.
FranklinMC. Influence of diet on dental development in sheep. Commonwealth Sci. Ind. Res. Organiz. Australia Bull. 1950;25:12.
15.
OlopadeJOOnwukaSK. Some aspects of the clinical anatomy of the mandibular and maxillofacial regions of the West African dwarf goat in Nigeria. Int J Morphol. 2005;23(1):33–38.
16.
KeneROCUmagie-EroEA. Dental abnormalities of nomadic cattle of Nigeria. Trop Vet. 2001;19(3):191–199.
17.
PowellCBGrubbP. Range-extension of black-fronted duiker (cephalophus nigrifrons gray 1871, ArtiodactylaBovidae): first records from Nigeria. Trop Zool. 2002;15(1):89–95. DOI: 10.1080/03946975.2002.10531167.
18.
PetrozziFAkaniGCAmadiN, et al. Surveys of mammal communities in a system of five forest reserves suggest an ongoing biotic homogenization process for the Niger Delta (Nigeria). Trop Zool. 2015;28(3):95–113. DOI: 10.1080/03946975.2015.1049084.
19.
MartiIRyser-DegiorgisMP. A tooth wear scoring scheme for age estimation of the eurasian lynx (lynx lynx) under field conditions. Eur J Wildl Res. 2018;64:37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-018-1198-6.
20.
Pérez-BarberíaFJ. Tooth wear as a practical indicator of sexual differences in senescence and mastication investment in ecology studies. Ecol Indic. 2019;103:735–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.04.065.
21.
YahayaAFemi-AkinlosotuOMOlopadeJOKwariHD. A study of dental abnormalities of camels in Nigeria. NVJ. 2011;32(2):92–96.
22.
KierdorfHFilevychOLutzWKierdorfU. Dental defects as a potential indicator of chronic malnutrition in a population of fallow deer (damadama) from northwestern Germany. The Anat Rec. 2016;299(10):1409–1423. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23459.
23.
KesslerWBKaswormWFBodieW. Three methods compared for analysis of pronghorn diets. J Wildl Manage. 1991;45(3):612–619.
24.
McinnisMLVavraMKruegerWC. A comparison of four methods used to determine the diets of large herbivores. J Range Man. 1983;36(3):6–7.
25.
MohammadAGPieperRDWallaceJDHolechekJLMurrayLW. Comparison of fecal analysis and rumen evacuation techniques for sampling diet botanical composition of grazing cattle. J Range Man. 1995;48:202–205.
26.
OnarVOzcanSPazvantG. Skull typology of the adult male Kangal dog. Anat Histol Embryol. 2001;30:41–48.
BowersD. Growth in children with clefts: serial hand-wrist x-ray evidence. Cleft Pal Cran J. 2011;48(6):19-21. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi.
32.
FischbeckKLRasmussenKM. Effects of repeated reproductive cycles on maternal nutrition status, lactational performance and litter growth in ad-libitum fed and chronically food restricted rats. J. Nutr. 1987;117:1967–1975.
33.
GriffithMWGordonIJ. Sward structural resistance and biting effort in grazing ruminants. Anim Res. 2003;52:145–160. INRA, EDP Sciences.
34.
OmogbaiBE. An empirical prediction of rainfall in Nigeria. J. Hum Ecol. 2010;32(1):23–27.
35.
Food and Agricultural Organisation. Aquatic Plants and Wetland Wildlife Resources of Nigeria. Fisheries and aquaculture department Corporate Doc. Repos; 2011:402.
36.
HenshawJ. Some aspects of Big game utilization of mineral licks in Yankarri game reserve of Nigeria. E Afr Wildl J. 1971;9:73–82.
37.
HenshawJ. Notes on conflicts between elephants and some bovids and on other interspecific contacts in yankarri game reserve, N. Nigeria. E Afr Wildl J. 1972;10:151–153.
38.
StewartA, ed. Basic Statistics and Epidemiology 2nd ed. A Practical Guide. Radclife medical press limited. 2002:85.
39.
Du ToitNBurdenFAGosdenLShawDJDixonPM. An anatomic study of the dimensions of diastemata and associated periodontal food pockets in donkey cheek teeth. J Vet Dent. 2009;26:10–14.
40.
FigueiridoBPalmqvistPPérez-ClarosJA. Ecomorphological correlates of craniodental variation in bears and paleobiological implications for extinct taxa: an approach based on geometric morphometrics. J Zool. 2009;277;70–80.
41.
MulderLvan GroningenLBPotgieserYA, et al. Regional differences in architecture and mineralization of developing mandibular bone. Anat Rec. 2006;263:314–325. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.20370.
42.
WangQDechowPC. Elastic properties of external cortical bone in the craniofacial skeleton of the rhesus monkey. Anat Rec2006;263:314–325.
43.
O’LearyJMBarnettTPParkinTDHDixonPMBarakzaiSZ. Pulpar temperature changes during mechanical reduction of equine cheek teeth: comparison of different motorized dental instruments, duration of treatments and use of water cooling. Equine Vet J. 2012;45:355–360.
44.
RoschgerPGrabnerBMRinnerthalerS, et al. Structural development of the mineralized tissue in the human L4 vertebral body. J Stuct Biol.2004;136:126–136.
