A 2-year-old domestic feline patient was presented for evaluation of a complicated crown fracture of the right maxillary canine tooth. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed a non-vital immature permanent canine tooth with an open apex. This case report describes a two-visit technique using mineral trioxide aggregate in an apical barrier method for the treatment of a non-vital immature permanent canine tooth in a cat.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
SeltzerS. Biologic considerations in Endodontic Procedures. The root apex. 2nd ed.Endodontology Philadelphia, PA: Lea Febiga1988; 1–30.
2.
Ten CateAR. Development of the tooth and its supporting tissues. In: Ten CateAR, ed. Oral histology: Development, structure, and function. 2nd ed.St. Louis: Mosby1985; 69.
3.
CampJHBarrettEJPulverF. Pediatric Endodontics: Endodontic Treatment of the Primary and Young Permanent Dentition. In: CohenSBurnRC, eds. Pathways of the pulp8th ed.St. Louis: Mosby2002; 797–844.
4.
WitherspoonDEHamK. One-visit apexification technique for inducing root-end barrier formation in apical closures. Pract Proced Anesthesia Dental2001; 13: 455–460.
5.
ShabahangSTorabinejadMBoynePPAbediHMcMillinP. A comparative study of root-end induction using osteogenic protein-1, calcium hydroxide, and mineral trioxide aggregate in dogs. J Endod1999; 25: 1–5.
6.
FrankAL. Therapy for the divergent pulpless tooth by continued apical foramen. J AM Dent Assoc. 1966; 72: 87–93.
7.
RuddleCJ. Cleaning and shaping the Root Canal System. In: CohenSBurnRC, eds. Pathways of the pulp8th ed.St. Louis: Mosby2002; 231–291.
8.
AAE Glossary of Endodontic Terms, Seventh Edition; American Association of Endodontists, Chicago, 2003.
9.
FelippeWTFelippeCSMarquesMMAntoniazziJH. The effect of the renewal of calcium hydroxide paste on the apexification and periapical healing of teeth with incomplete root formation. International Endodontic Journal2005; 38: 436–442.
10.
SheehyECRobertsGJ. Use of calcium hypochlorite for apical barrier formation and healing in non-vital immature permanent teeth. Dent J. 1997; 183: 241–246.
SimonSRillardFBerdalAMachtouP. The use of mineral trioxide aggregate in one-visit apexification treatment: A prospective study. Int J Endod2007; 40: 186–197.
13.
LinsuwanontP. MTA apexification combined with conventional root canal retreatment. Aust Endod J2003; 29: 45–49.
14.
HachmeisterDRSchindlerWGWalkerWA3rdThomasDD. The sealing and retention characteristics of mineral trioxide aggregate in a model of apexification. J Endod2002; 28: 386–90.
15.
KratchmanSI. Perforation repair and one-step apexification procedures. Dent Clin N. Am.2004: 291–307.
16.
GiulianVBaccettiTPaceRPagauvinoG. The use of MTA in teeth with necrotic pulps and open apices. Dent Traumatol2002; 18: 217–221.
17.
SteinigTHReganJDGutmannJL. The use and predictable placement of mineral trioxide aggregate in one-visit apexification cases. Australian Endodontic Journal2003; 29: 34–42.
18.
ShabahangSTorabinejadM. Treatment of teeth with wide open apices using mineral trioxide aggregate. Pract. Periodont, Anesthest Dent2000; 12: 315–320.
19.
TorabinejadM. Investigation of mineral trioxide aggregate for root-end fillings in dogs. J Endod1995; 21: 603–608.
20.
El-MeligyOAAveryDR. Comparison of apexification with mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium hydroxide. Pediatr Dent2006; 28: 248–253.
21.
HayashiMShimizuAEbuisuS. MTA for obturation of mandibular central incisors with open apices: Case Report. J Endod2004; 30: 120–122.
22.
TranquilliW, Pain management for the small animal practitoner, JacksonWY, Teton New Media48–52.
RobertsSCBrillantJD. Tricalcium phosphate as an adjunct to apical closure in pulpless permanent teeth. J Endod1975; 1: 263.
28.
NevinsAFinkelsteinFLaportaRBordenBG. Induction of hard tissue into pulpless open-apex teeth using collagen-calcium phosphate gel. J Endod1978; 4: 776–781.
29.
TittleKFarleyJLinkhardtTTorabinejadM. Apical closure induction using bone growth factors and mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod1996; 22: 198.
30.
DasS. Apexification in a nonvital tooth by control of infection. J Am Dent Assoc1980; 100: 880–881.
31.
ChawlaHSTewariARamakrishnanE. A study of apexification without a cataylast paste. J Dent Child1980; 47: 431–434.
32.
ArensDE. Treatment of the incomplete formed tooth. Ill dent J1978; 47: 110–116.
33.
AndreasenJOMunksgaardECBaklandLK. Comparison of fracture resistance in root canal of immature sheep teeth after filling with calcium hydroxide or MTA. Dent Trauamtology2006; 22: 154–156.
34.
AndreasenJOFarikBMunksgaardEC. Long-term calcium hydroxide as a root canal dressing may increase risk of root fracture. Dent Traumatology2002; 18: 134–137.
35.
TorabinejadMHongCULeeSJMonsefM. Investigation of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate for root end filling in dogs. J Endod1995; 21: 603–8.
36.
TorabinejadMPitt-FordTRMcKendryJDAbediHRMillerDA. Histologic assessment of mineral trioxide aggregate as a root-end filling in monkeys. J Endod1997; 23: 225–228.
37.
MitchellPJPitt-FordTRTorabinejadMMacDonaldF. Osteoblast biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate. Biomaterials1999; 20: 167–173.
38.
ZhuQHaglundRSafviKESpranbergLSW. Adhesion of human osteoblasts on root end fillings. J Endod2000; 26: 404–6.
39.
OsorioRMHeftiAVertucciFJShawleyAL. Cytotoxicity of endodontic materials. J Endod1998; 24: 91–96.
40.
TorabinejadMHigaRKMcKendryDJPitt-FordTR. Dye leakage of four root-end filling material: Effects of blood contamination. J Endo1994; 20: 159–163.
TorabinejadMPitt-FordTRKatteringJR. Antibacterial effects of root end filling materials. J Endod1995; 21: 403–406
43.
TorabinejadMChivianN. Clinical applications of mineral trioxide aggregate, J Endod1999; 25: 197–205.
44.
TorabinejadMHongCULeeSJMonsefMPittFord TR. Investigation of mineral trioxide aggregate for root end filling in dogs, J Endod1995; 21: 603–8.
45.
ApaydinESShabahangSTorabinejadM. Hard-tissue healing after application of fresh or set in MTA as root-end-filling material. J Endod2003; 30: 21–24.
46.
BaekSHPlenkHJrKimS. Periapical tissue responses and cementum regeneration with amalgam, Super EBA, and MTA as root-end filling material. JOE2005;31:444–449.
47.
FelippeWTFelippeCSRochaMJ. The effect of calcium hydroxide paste on the apexification and periapical healing of teeth with incomplete root formation. International Endodontic Journal2006; 39: 2–9.
48.
TorabinejadMWatsonTFFordTR. Sealing ability of a mineral trioxide aggregate, when used as a root end canal filling material. J Endod1993; 19: 591–595.
49.
TorabinejadMRastegarAFKetteringJDFordTR. Bacterial leakage of mineral trioxide aggregate as a root-end filling material. J Endod1995; 21: 109–112.
50.
FischerEJArensDEMillerCH. Bacterial leakage of mineral trioxide aggregate as compared with zinc-free amalgam, intermediate restorative material, and super EBA as a root end filling material. J Endod1998; 24: 176–9.
51.
Al-KahtaniAShostadsSSchifferleRBhambhaniS. In vitro evaluation of microleakage of an orthograde apical plug of mineral trioxide aggregate in permanent teeth with stimulated open apices. J Endod2005; 31: 117–119.
52.
GutmanJLHeatonJF. Management of open (immauture) apex. 2. Non-vital teeth. Int Endodo J1981; 14: 173–178.
53.
LawleyGRSchinderWGWalkerWAKoludrubetzD. Evaluation of ultrasonically placed MTA and fracture resistance with intracanal composite resin in a model of apexification. J Endod2004; 30: 167–172.
54.
SpangbergLEngstromBLanglandK. Biological effects of dental materials. 3. Toxicity and antimicrobial effect of endodontic antiseptics in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path1973; 73: 856–871.
55.
GutmanJDumshaTLovdahlP. Problem solving in Endodontics. Fourth ed.St. Louis: Mosby2006;144–146
ErtugrulEOzekinciTAtakulFGulK. Antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine gluconate and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in infected root canal: In vivo studyJ Endod2004; 30: 84–87.
58.
SiqueiraJFBastistaM. Antibacterial effect of endodontic irrigants on black pigmented gram negative anaerobes and facultative bacteria. J Endo1988; 24: 414–416.
Abou-RassMPiccininoMV. The effectiveness of four clinical irrigation methods on the removal of root canal debris. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol1982; 54: 323–328.
61.
SedgleyCMNagelACHallDApplegateB. Influence of irrigant needle depth in removing bioluminescent bacteria inoculated into instrumented root canals using real-time imaging invitroInt Endod J2005; 38: 97–104.
62.
SjorgenUFigdorDSpangbergLSundquistG. The antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide as a short-term intracanal dressing. Int Endod. J1991; 24: 119–125.
63.
PeneJRNichollsJJHarringtonGW. Evaluation of fibrecomposite laminate in the restoration of immature, non-vital maxillary central incisors. J. Endod2001; 27: 18–22.
64.
RabieGTropeMTronstadL. Strengthening of immature teeth during long-term endodontic therapy. Dent Traumatol1986; 2: 43–7.
65.
KatezadehNDaltonBVTropeM. Strengthening immature teeth during and after apexification, J Endod1998; 24: 256.
66.
SaupeWAGluskinAHRadkeRA. A comparative study of fracture resistance between morphologic dowel and cores and a resin-reinforced dowel system in the intraradicular restoration of structurally compromised roots. Quintessence INT1996; 27: 483–491.
67.
WilkinsonKLBeeganTJKirkpatrickTC. Fracture resistance of simulated immature teeth filled with resilon, gutta percha or composite. JOE2007; 33: 480–483.