It has been suggested that dental abnormalities lead to temporomandibular joint inflammation and pain that may be mitigated by regular dental care. There is considerable literature on the pathophysiology of equine joint disease including studies on cytokine profiles in diseased appendicular joints. This study examined the effects of age and dental malocclusions summarized as a dental pathology score on equine temporomandibular joint cytokine (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF α and TGF-β1, -β2, -β3) concentrations. TGF-β3 was not detected in any joint sample. IL-1, IL-6 and TNF α were not influenced by age. Foals had significantly lower concentrations of IL-8 and TGF-β1, and higher levels of TGF-β2 compared with older horses. Age did not effect cytokine concentration in older horses although there was a trend towards increasing IL-8 with age. The dental pathology score increased with age in mature horses, however there was no effect of dental pathology score on cytokine concentration. There was no effect of incisor eruption, and presence or number of periodontal lesions on temporomandibular joint cytokine concentration. Our findings indicate that age but not dental pathology affected temporomandibular joint proinflammatory cytokine concentration in this population of horses.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
MollHDMayKA. A review of conditions of the equine temporomandibular joint, in Proceedings. 48th Annu Meet Am Assoc Equine Practitioners2002; 48: 240–24.
2.
BakerGJ. Equine temporomandibular joints (TMJ): Morphology, function, and clinical disease, In: Proceedings. 48th Annu Meet Am Assoc Equine Practitioners2002; 48: 442–447.
3.
CarmaltJLWilsonDG. Arthroscopic treatment of temporomandibular joint sepsis in a horse. Vet Surg2005; 34: 55–58.
4.
WarmerdamEPLKleinWRvan HerpenBPJM. Infectious temporomandibular joint disease in the horse: Computed tomographic diagnosis and treatment of two cases. Vet Rec1997; 141: 172–174.
5.
WellerR.CauvinERBowenIMMaySA. Comparison of radiology, scintigraphy and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of a case of temporomandibular joint arthropathy in a horse. Vet Rec1999; 144: 377–379.
6.
PattersonLJShappellKKHurtigMB. Mandibular condylectomy in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc1989; 195: 101–102.
7.
MayKJ. Incisor problems that may result in inflammation of the temporomandibular joint. Pferdeheilkunde1996; 12: 4.
8.
ClarkGT. Diagnosis and treatment of painful temporomandibular disorders. Dental Clinics of North America1987; 31: 645–674.
9.
LundhHWestessonPL. Clinical signs of temporomandibular joint internal derangement in adults an epidemiologic study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod1991; 72: 637–641.
10.
FrostDEKendellBD. The use of arthrocentesis for treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders. J Oral Maxillofac Surg1999; 57: 583–587.
11.
KubotaEKubotaT. Synovial fluid cytokines and proteinases as markers of temporomandibular joint disease. J Oral Maxillofac. Surg1998; 56: 192–198.
12.
KaneyamaKSegamiN. Importance of proinflammatory cytokines in synovial fluid from 121 joints with temporomandibular disorders. Brit J Oral and Maxillofacial Surg2002; 40: 418–423.
13.
SandlerNBuckleyMJ. Correlation of inflammatory cytokines with arthroscopic findings in patients with temporomandibular joint internal derangements. J Oral Maxillofac Surg1998; 56: 534–543.
14.
ShaferDMAssaelL. Tumor necrosis factor – as a biochemical marker of pain and outcome in temporomandibular joints with internal derangements. J Oral Maxillofac Surg1994; 52: 786–791.
15.
SuzukiTSegamiN. Specific expression of interleukin-1B in temporomandibular joints with internal derangement: Correlation with clinical findings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod1999; 88: 413–417.
16.
TakahashiTKondohT. Proinflammatory cytokines detectable in synovial fluids from patients with temporomandibular disorders. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod1988; 85: 135–141.
17.
FeghaliCAWrightTM. Cytokines in acute and chronic inflammation. Front Biosci1997; 2: 12–26.
18.
RotheLCollin-OsdobyP. Human osteoclasts and osteoclast-like cells synthesize and release high basal and inflammatory stimulated levels of the potent chemokine interleukin-8. Endocrinology1998; 139: 4353–4363.
19.
GurlekAPittelkowMRKumarR. Modulation of growth factor/cytokine synthesis and signaling by 1.,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: Implications in cell growth and differentiation. Endocr Rev2002; 23: 763–786.
20.
PalmerJLBertoneAL. Joint structure, biochemistry and biochemical disequilibrium in synovitis and equine joint disease. Equine vet J1994; 26: 263–277.
21.
RosensteinDSBullockMFOcelloPJClaytonHM. Arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint in adult horses. Am J Vet Res2001; 62: 729–733.
22.
CarmaltJLTownsendHGGAllenAL. A preliminary study to examine the effect of dental correction on rostro-caudal mobility of the equine mandible. J Am Vet Med Assoc2003; 223: 666–669.
23.
TheoretCLBarberSMMoyanaTGordonJR. Expression of transforming growth factor beta-1, beta-3, and basic fibroblast growth factor in full-thickness skin wounds of equine limbs and thorax. Vet Surg2001; 30: 269–77.
24.
BillinghurstRCFretzPBGordonJR. Induction of intra-articular tumour necrosis factor during acute inflammatory responses in equine arthritis. Equine vet J1995; 27: 208–16.
25.
CaswellJLMiddletonDMGordonJR. Production and functional characterization of recombinant bovine interleukin-8 as a neutrophil-activator and specific chemoattractant in vitro and in vivo. Vet Immunol Immunopathol1998; 67: 327.
26.
Anon. Management of temporomandibular disorders. National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference Statement. J Am Dent Assoc1996; 127: 1595–1606.
27.
DworkinSFLeRescheL. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: Review, criteria, examinations and specifications, critique. J Craniomandib Disord Facial Oral Pain1992; 6: 301–355.
28.
ForssellHKalsoE. Occlusal treatments in temporomandibular disorders: A qualitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Pain1999; 83: 549–560.
29.
Al MarzooqAYatabeMAiM. What types of occlusal factors play a role in temporomandibular disorders…?- A literature review. J Med Dent Sci1999; 46: 111–116.
30.
HagagGYoshidaKMiuraH. Occlusion, prothodontic treatment, and temporomandibular disorders: A review. J Med Dent Sci2000; 47: 61–66.
31.
RashedMSharawyM. Histopathological and immunocytochemical studies of the effect of raised occlusal vertical dimension on the condylar cartilage of the rabbit. Cranio1993; 11: 291–296.
32.
GianellyAARubenMPRisingerR. Effect of experimentally altered occlusal vertical dimension on temporomandibular articulation. J Prosthet Dent1970; 24: 629–635.
33.
AkagawaYNikaiHTsuruH. Histologic changes in rat masticatory muscles subsequent to experimental increase of the occlusal vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent1983; 50: 725–732.
34.
BertoneALPalmerJLJonesJ. Synovial fluid cytokines and eicosanoids as markers of joint disease in horses. Vet. Surg2001; 30: 528–538.
35.
AndersonLDRaubRH. Transforming growth factor-B1 concentrations in equine synovial fluid. J Eq Vet Sci1998; 18: 109–113.
36.
KacenaMMerrelG. Inflammation and bony changes at the temporomandibular joint. Cells Tissue Organs2001; 169: 257–264.
37.
MurakamiKSegamiN. Correlation between pain and synovitis in patients with internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. J Oral Maxillofac Surg1991; 49;1159–1161.
38.
FuKMaX. Tumor necrosis factor in synovial fluid of patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Maxillofac Surg1995; 53: 424–426.
39.
KefferJProkertL. Transgenic mice expressing human tumour necrosis factor: A predictive genetic model of arthritis. EMBO J1991; 10: 4025–4031.
40.
NishimuraMSegamiN. Proinflammatory cytokines and arthroscopic findings in patients with internal derangement and osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint. Brit J Oral and Maxillofacial Surg2002; 40: 68–71.
