Objectives: To determine links between objectively and subjectively measured physical function and cognitive function among HIV-positive older adults, a growing yet understudied group with elevated risk for multimorbidity. Methods: At a biomedical research visit, 162 participants completed objective tests of gait speed (4-m walk), grip strength (dynamometer), and cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA) and reported their well-being (Medical Outcomes Study-HIV survey). Results: Those with faster gait speed had better overall cognitive function than those with slower gait speed (b = 3.98, SE = 1.30, p = .003) in an adjusted regression model controlling for age, sex, race, height, preferred language, and assistive device use. Grip strength was not significantly associated with overall cognitive function. Self-rated cognitive function was weakly related to MoCA scores (r = .26) and gait speed (r = .14) but was strongly associated with emotional well-being (r = .53). Discussion: These observed, expected connections between physical and cognitive function could inform intervention strategies to mitigate age-related declines for older adults with HIV.
BourgeoisJ. A.JohnM.ZepfR.GreeneM.FrankelS.HessolN. A. (2020). Functional deficits and other psychiatric associations with abnormal scores on the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) in older HIV-infected patients. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(1), 105-118. doi:10.1017/S1041610219000413
2.
BradleyH.MattsonC. L.BeerL.HuangP.ShouseR. L. (2016). Increased antiretroviral therapy prescription and HIV viral suppression among persons receiving clinical care for HIV infection. AIDS, 30(13), 2117-2124. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001164
3.
CarsonN.LeachL.MurphyK. J. (2018). A re-examination of Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) cutoff scores. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 33(2), 379-388. doi:10.1002/gps.4756
CesariM.KritchevskyS. B.PenninxB. W. H. J.NicklasB. J.SimonsickE. M.NewmanA. B.TylavskyF. A.BrachJ. S.SatterfieldS.BauerD. C.VisserM.RubinS. M.HarrisT. B.PahorM. (2005). Prognostic value of usual gait speed in well-functioning older people-results from the health, aging and body composition study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(10), 1675-1680. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53501.x
6.
CohenR. A.SeiderT. R.NaviaB. (2015). HIV effects on age-associated neurocognitive dysfunction: Premature cognitive aging or neurodegenerative disease?Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 7(1), 37.
7.
ColcombeS.KramerA. F. (2003). Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults. Psychological Science, 14(2), 125-130. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01430
8.
CrumleyJ. J.StetlerC. A.HorhotaM. (2014). Examining the relationship between subjective and objective memory performance in older adults: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 29(2), 250-263. doi:10.1037/a0035908
9.
DemeyereN.RiddochM. J.SlavkovaE. D.JonesK.RecklessI.MathiesonP.HumphreysG. W. (2016). Domain-specific versus generalized cognitive screening in acute stroke. Journal of Neurology, 263(2), 306-315. doi:10.1007/s00415-015-7964-4
10.
DorsmanK. A.Weiner-LightS.StaffaroniA. M.BrownJ. A.WolfA.CobigoY.WaltersS.KramerJ. H.CasalettoK. B. (2020). Get moving! Increases in physical activity are associated with increasing functional connectivity trajectories in typically aging adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 12, 104. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00104
11.
DufourC. A.MarquineM. J.FazeliP. L.HenryB. L.EllisR. J.GrantI.MooreD. J., & The HNRP Group. (2013). Physical exercise is associated with less neurocognitive impairment among HIV-infected adults. Journal of NeuroVirology, 19(5), 410-417. doi:10.1007/s13365-013-0184-8
12.
DufourC. A.MarquineM. J.FazeliP. L.UmlaufA.HenryB. L.ZlatarZ.MontoyaJ. L.EllisR. J.GrantI.MooreD. J. (2018). A longitudinal analysis of the impact of physical activity on neurocognitive functioning among HIV-Infected adults. AIDS and Behavior, 22(5), 1562-1572. doi:10.1007/s10461-016-1643-z
13.
DumurgierJ.ArtaudF.TouraineC.RouaudO.TavernierB.DufouilC.Singh-ManouxA.TzourioC.ElbazA. (2017). Gait speed and decline in gait speed as predictors of incident dementia. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 72(5), 655-661. doi:10.1093/gerona/glw110
14.
EggersCArendtGHahnKHusstedtIWMaschkeMNeuen-JacobEObermannMRosenkranzTSchielkeEStraubeE (2017). HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Journal of Neurology, 264(8), 1715-1727. doi:10.1007/s00415-017-8503-2
15.
ErlandsonK. M.WuK.KoletarS. L.KalayjianR. C.EllisR. J.TaiwoB.PalellaF. J.TassiopoulosK. (2017). Association between frailty and components of the frailty phenotype with modifiable risk factors and antiretroviral therapy. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 215(6), 933-937. doi:10.1093/infdis/jix063
16.
FazeliP. L.MarquineM. J.DufourC.HenryB. L.MontoyaJ.GouauxB.MooreR. C.LetendreS. L.WoodsS. P.GrantI.JesteD. V.MooreD. J., & The HNRP Group. (2015). Physical activity is associated with better neurocognitive and everyday functioning among older adults with HIV disease. AIDS and Behavior, 19(8), 1470-1477. doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1024-z
17.
GrandeG.HaaksmaM. L.RizzutoD.MelisR. J. F.MarengoniA.OnderG.WelmerA.-K.FratiglioniL.VetranoD. L. (2019a). Co-occurrence of cognitive impairment and physical frailty, and incidence of dementia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 107, 96-103. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.001
18.
GrandeG.TrioloF.NuaraA.WelmerA.-K.FratiglioniL.VetranoD. L. (2019b). Measuring gait speed to better identify prodromal dementia. Experimental Gerontology, 124, 110625. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.05.014
19.
GuaraldiG.OrlandoG.ZonaS.MenozziM.CarliF.GarlassiE.BertiA.RossiE.RoveratoA.PalellaF. (2011). Premature age-related comorbidities among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 53(11), 1120-1126. doi:10.1093/cid/cir627
20.
HillsdonM. M.BrunnerE. J.GuralnikJ. M.MarmotM. G. (2005). Prospective study of physical activity and physical function in early old age. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(3), 245-250. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.12.008
KallianpurK. J.SakodaM.GangcuangcoL. M. A.NdhlovuL. C.UmakiT.ChowD.WongjittrapornS.ShikumaC. M. (2016). Frailty characteristics in chronic HIV patients are markers of white matter atrophy independently of age and depressive symptoms: A pilot study. Open Medicine Journal, 3, 138-152. doi:10.2174/1874220301603010138
23.
KapteynA.BanksJ.HamerM.SmithJ. P.SteptoeA.van SoestA.van KosterA.Htay WahS. (2018). What they say and what they do: Comparing physical activity across the USA, England and the Netherlands. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 72(6), 471-476. doi:10.1136/jech-2017-209703
24.
KojimaG.TaniguchiY.IliffeS.WaltersK. (2016). Frailty as a predictor of Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, and all dementia among community-dwelling older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 17(10), 881-888. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.05.013
25.
LezakM. D.HowiesonD. B.LoringD. W.JuliaH.FischerJ. S. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment (4th ed., Vol. xiv). Oxford University Press.
26.
MargolickJ. B.BreamJ. H.Martínez-MazaO.LopezJ.LiX.PhairJ. P.KoletarS. L.JacobsonL. P. (2017). Frailty and circulating markers of inflammation in HIV+ and HIV− men in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 74(4), 407-417. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000001261
27.
MastersM. C.PerezJ.TassiopoulosK.AndradeA.EllisR.YangJ.BrownT. T.PalellaF. J.ErlandsonK. M. (2019). Gait speed decline is associated with hemoglobin A1C, neurocognitive impairment, and black race in persons with HIV. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 35(11-12), 1065-1073. doi:10.1089/AID.2019.0101
28.
MiyakeA.FriedmanN. P. (2012). The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 8-14. doi:10.1177/0963721411429458
29.
NasreddineZ. S.PhillipsN. A.BédirianV. r.CharbonneauS.WhiteheadV.CollinI.CummingsJ. L.ChertkowH. (2005). The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695-699. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
30.
NortheyJ. M.CherbuinN.PumpaK. L.SmeeD. J.RattrayB. (2018). Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: A systematic review with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(3), 154-160. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096587
31.
PeelN. M.AlapattL. J.JonesL. V.HubbardR. E. (2019). The association between gait speed and cognitive status in community-dwelling older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 74(6), 943-948. doi:10.1093/gerona/gly140
32.
QuigleyA.O'BrienK.ParkerR.MacKay-LyonsM. (2019). Exercise and cognitive function in people living with HIV: A scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 41(12), 1384-1395. doi:10.1080/09638288.2018.1432079
33.
SinghH. K.Del CarmenT.FreemanR.GlesbyM. J.SieglerE. L. (2017). From one syndrome to many: Incorporating geriatric consultation into HIV care. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 65(3), 501-506. doi:10.1093/cid/cix311
34.
StillmanC. M.DonofryS. D.EricksonK. I. (2019). Exercise, fitness and the aging brain: A review of functional connectivity in aging. Archives of Psychology, 3(4), ISSN 2573-7902. doi:10.31296/aop.v3i4.98
35.
StudenskiS.PereraS.PatelK.RosanoC.FaulknerK.InzitariM.BrachJ.ChandlerJ.CawthonP.ConnorE. B. (2011). Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA, 305(1), 50-58.
36.
WuA. W.RevickiD. A.JacobsonD.MalitzF. E. (1997). Evidence for reliability, validity and usefulness of the medical outcomes study HIV health survey (MOS-HIV). Quality of Life Research, 6(6), 481-493. doi:10.1023/A:1018451930750
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
