Objective: To investigate the factors that inhibit the disabling effect of impairments among citizens who have migrated from Turkey and Morocco and native Dutch according to a resilience perspective. Method: Using data from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam with 928 native Dutch, 255 Turks, and 199 Moroccans aged 55 to 65, linear regression analysis assessed whether country of origin, mastery, income, and contact frequency modified the relationship between gait speed and activity limitations. Results: Turks, but not Moroccans, demonstrated stronger associations between gait speed and activity limitations than the Dutch. Mastery modified the association among the Dutch and the Turks. Income modified the association only among the Dutch. Effect modification by contact frequency was not observed. Discussion: Moroccans and Dutch appeared to be more resilient against impairments than Turks. As none of the resilience factors buffered in all three populations, we conclude that resilience mechanisms are not universal across populations.
Acevedo-GarciaD.Sanchez-VaznaughE. V.Viruell-FuentesE. A.AlmeidaJ. (2012). Integrating social epidemiology into immigrant health research: A cross-national framework. Social Science & Medicine, 75, 2060-2068. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.040
2.
AdgerW. N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: Are they related?Progress in Human Geography, 24, 347-364. doi:10.1191/030913200701540465
3.
AngelJ. L.AngelR. J. (1992). Age at migration, social connections, and well-being among elderly Hispanics. Journal of Aging and Health, 4, 480-499. doi:10.1177/089826439200400402
4.
AvlundK.LuckM.TinsleyR. (1996). Cultural differences in functional ability among elderly people in Birmingham, England, and Glostrup, Denmark. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 11, 1-16. doi:10.1007/BF00116262
5.
BerkmanL. F.GlassT.BrissetteI.SeemanT. E. (2000). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social Science & Medicine, 51, 843-857. doi:10.1016/s02779536(00)00065-4
6.
BhugraD.BeckerA. (2005). Migration, cultural bereavement and cultural identity. World Psychiatry, 4, 18-24. doi:10.5790/hongkong/9789888028832.003.0011
7.
BookwalaJ.SchulzR. (1998). The role of neuroticism and mastery in spouse caregivers’ assessment of and response to a contextual stressor. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 53, P155-P164. doi:10.1093/geronb/53B.3.P155
8.
ChanK. S.KasperJ. D.BrandtJ.PezzinL. E. (2012). Measurement equivalence in ADL and IADL difficulty across international surveys of aging: Findings from the HRS, SHARE, and ELSA. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 67, 121-132. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr133
9.
CooperR.HuismanM.KuhD.DeegD. J. (2011). Do positive psychological characteristics modify the associations of physical performance with functional decline and institutionalization? Findings from the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66(4), 468-477. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbr049
10.
CrulM.DoomernikJ. (2003). The Turkish and Moroccan second generation in the Netherlands: Divergent trends between and polarization within the two groups. International Migration Review, 37, 1039-1064. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00169.x
11.
CummingsS. R.StudenskiS.FerrucciL. (2014). A diagnosis of dismobility—Giving mobilityclinical visibility: A Mobility Working Group recommendation. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 311, 2061-2062. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.3033
12.
DagevosJ. (2005). Minderheden, armoede en sociaal-culturele integratie [Minorities, poverty and social-cultural integration]. Migrantstudies/Migrantenstudies (migrantstudies), 21(3), 135-154.
13.
DenktaşS. (2011). Health and health care use of elderly immigrants in the Netherlands: A comparative study. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam.
14.
de SnyderV. N. S.Diaz-GuerreroR. (2003). Enduring separation: The psychological consequences of Mexican migration to the United States. In AdlerL. L.GielenP. G. (Eds.), Migration: Immigration and emigration in international perspective (pp. 143-157). London, England: Praeger.
15.
FassaertT.HesselinkA. E.VerhoeffA. P. (2009). Acculturation and use of health care services by Turkish and Moroccan migrants: A cross-sectional population-based study. BMC Public Health, 9(1), Article 1. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-332
16.
ForbesD. A. (2001). Enhancing mastery and sense of coherence: Important determinants of health in older adults. Geriatric Nursing, 22, 29-32. doi:10.1067/mgn.2001.113532
17.
GalenkampH.BraamA. W.HuismanM.DeegD. J. (2012). Seventeen-year time trend in poor self-rated health in older adults: Changing contributions of chronic diseases and disability. The European Journal of Public Health, 23(3), 1-7.doi:10.1093/eurpub/cks031
18.
HuismanM.PoppelaarsJ.van der HorstM.BeekmanA. T.BrugJ.van TilburgT. G.DeegD. J. (2011). Cohort profile: the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40(4), 868-876.doi: 10.1093/ije/dyq219
19.
JangY.Borenstein-GravesA.HaleyW. E.SmallB. J.MortimerJ. A. (2003). Determinants of a sense of mastery in African American and White older adults. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 58(4), S221-S224. doi:10.1093/geronb/58.4.S221
20.
JangY.HaleyW. E.SmallB. J.MortimerJ. A. (2002). The role of mastery and social resources in the associations between disability and depression in later life. The Gerontologist, 42(6), 807-813. doi:10.1093/geront/42.6.807
21.
KempenG. I.JelicicM.OrmelJ. (1997). Personality, chronic medical morbidity, and health-related quality of life among older persons. Health Psychology, 16, 539-546. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.16.6.539
22.
KempenG. I.SteverinkN.OrmelJ.DeegD. J. (1996). The assessment of ADL among frail elderly in an interview survey: Self-report versus performance-based tests and determinants of discrepancies. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 51, P254-P260. doi:10.1093/geronb/51B.5.P254
23.
KennedyS.KiddM. P.McDonaldJ. T.BiddleN. (2015). The healthy immigrant effect: Patterns and evidence from four countries. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 16, 317-332. doi:10.1007/s12134-014-0340-x
24.
KesslerR. C.ClearyP. D. (1980). Social class and psychological distress. American Sociological Review, 45(3) 463-478. doi:10.2307/2095178
25.
LutharS.CicchettiD.BeckerB. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543-562. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00164
26.
MackenbachJ. P.MartikainenP.LoomanC. W.DalstraJ. A.KunstA. E. (2005). The shape of the relationship between income and self-assessed health: An international study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34, 286-293. doi:10.1093/ije/dyh338
27.
ManningL. K.CarrD. C.KailB. L. (2016). Do higher levels of resilience buffer the deleterious impact of chronic illness on disability in later life. The Gerontologist, 56(3), 1-12. doi:10.1093/geront/gnu068
28.
MarkidesK. S.EschbachK.RayL. APeekM. K. (2007). Census disability rates among older people by race / ethnicity and type of Hispanic origin. In AngelJ. L.WhitfieldK. E. (Eds.), The Health of Aging Hispanics: The Mexican-Origin Population (pp. 26-39). University of Texis at Austin, Austin Texas. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-47208-9_3
29.
MastenA. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227-238. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.56.3.227
30.
MendesdeLeonC. F. M.GoldD. T.GlassT. A.KaplanL.GeorgeL. K. (2001). Disability as a function of social networks and support in elderly African Americans and Whites: The Duke EPESE 1986–1992. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 56, S179-S190. doi:10.1093/geronb/56.3.S179
31.
MenecV. H.ChipperfieldJ. G. (1997). The interactive effect of perceived control and functional status on health and mortality among young-old and old-old adults. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 52, P118-P126. doi:10.1093/geronb/52b.3.p118
32.
MuiA. C.BurnetteD. (1996). Coping resources and self-reported depressive symptoms among frail older ethnic women. Journal of Social Service Research, 21(3), 19-37. doi:10.1300/j079v21n03_02
33.
MurrayC. J.LopezA. D. (1997). Regional patterns of disability-free life expectancy and disability-adjusted life expectancy: Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet, 349, 1347-1352. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07494-6
34.
MutchlerJ. E.PrakashA.BurrJ. A. (2007). The demography of disability and the effects of immigrant history: Older Asians in the United States. Demography, 44, 251-263. doi:10.1353/dem.2007.0015
35.
NazrooJ.JacksonJ.KarlsenS.TorresM. (2007). The Black diaspora and health inequalities in the US and England: Does where you go and how you get there make a difference?Sociology of Health & Illness, 29, 811-830. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.01043.x
36.
ParkerM. G.ThorslundM. (2007). Health trends in the elderly population: Getting better and getting worse. The Gerontologist, 47, 150-158. doi:10.1093/geront/47.2.150
37.
PearlinL. I.SchoolerC. (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 19, 2-21. doi:10.2307/213631
38.
PeekM. K.OttenbacherK. J.MarkidesK. S.OstirG. V. (2003). Examining the disablement process among older Mexican American adults. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 413-425.
39.
PettigrewT. F.JacksonJ. S.BrikaJ. B.LemaineG.MeertensR. W.WagnerU.ZickA. (1997). Outgroup prejudice in Western Europe. European Review of Social Psychology, 8, 241-273. doi:10.1080/14792779843000009
40.
PhaletK.SchönpflugU. (2001). Intergenerational transmission of collectivism and achievement values in two acculturation contexts the case of Turkish families in Germany and Turkish and Moroccan families in the Netherlands. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 186-201. doi:10.1177/0022022101032002006
41.
ReijneveldS. A. (1998). Reported health, lifestyles, and use of health care of first generation immigrants in the Netherlands: Do socioeconomic factors explain their adverse position?Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 52, 298-304. doi:10.1136/jech.52.5.298
42.
ReijneveldS. A.SpijkerJ.DijkshoornH. (2007). Katz’ ADL index assessed functional performance of Turkish, Moroccan, and Dutch elderly. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60, 382-388. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.02.022
43.
RozziniR.FrisoniG. B.FerrucciL.BarbisoniP.BertozziB.TrabucchiM. (1997). The effect of chronic diseases on physical function. Comparison between activities of daily living scales and the Physical Performance Test. Age and Ageing, 26, 281-287. doi:10.1093/ageing/26.4.281
44.
RutterM. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316-331. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03541.x
45.
RutterM. (1990). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. In RolfE.MastenA. S.CicchettiD.NuechterleinK. H.WeintraubS. (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 181-214). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
46.
RutterM. (2012). Resilience as a dynamic concept. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 335-344. doi:10.1017/S0954579412000028
47.
SayeghP.KnightB. G. (2013). Functional assessment and neuropsychiatric inventory questionnaires : Measurement invariance across Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Gerontologist, 54 (3), 375-386. doi:10.1093/geront/gnt026
48.
SchellingerhoutR. (2004). Gezondheid en welzijn van allochtone ouderen [Health and wellbeing of autochthonous older adults].
49.
SchiemanS.PudrovskaT.PearlinL. I.EllisonC. G. (2006). The sense of divine control and psychological distress: Variations across race and socioeconomic status. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45, 529-549. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2006.00326.x
50.
SeemanT. E.BruceM. L.McAvayG. J. (1996). Social network characteristics and onset of ADL disability: MacArthur studies of successful aging. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 51, S191-S200. doi:10.1093/geronb/51b.4.s191
51.
Solé-AuróA.CrimminsE. M. (2008). Health of immigrants in European countries. International Migration Review, 42, 861-876. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2008.00150.x
52.
Statistics Netherlands. (2016). Bevolking per maand; leeftijd, geslacht, herkomst, generatie. [population per month; age, sex, origin, generation]. Retrieved from http://statline.cbs.nl
53.
SteplemanL. M.WrightD. E.BottonariK. A. (2009). Socioeconomic status: Risks and resilience. In LoueS.SajatovicM. (Eds.) Determinants of minority mental health and wellness (pp. 1-30). New York, NY: Springer.
54.
UngarM.GhazinourM.RichterJ. (2013). Annual research review: What is resilience within the social ecology of human development?Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 348-366. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12025
55.
Uniken VenemaH. U.GarretsenH. F. L.Van der MaasP. J. (1995). Health of migrants and migrant health policy, the Netherlands as an example. Social Science & Medicine, 41, 809-818. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(95)00065-F
56.
VerbruggeL. M.JetteA. M. (1994). The disablement process. Social Science & Medicine, 38, 1-14. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90294-1
57.
VermeulenJ.NeyensJ. C.van RossumE.SpreeuwenbergM. D.de WitteL. P. (2011). Predicting ADL disability in community-dwelling elderly people using physical frailty indicators: A systematic review. BMC Geriatrics, 11(1), Article 33. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-11-33
58.
WindleG.BennettK. M.NoyesJ. (2011). A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9(8), 152-169. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-9-8
59.
WongD. F. K.SongH. X. (2008). The resilience of migrant workers in Shanghai China: The roles of migration stress and meaning of migration. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 54, 131-143. doi:10.1177/0020764007083877
60.
YerdenI. (2013). Tradities in de knel: Zorgverwachtingen en zorgpraktijk bij Turkse ouderen en hun kinderen in Nederland [Traditions under pressure: Care expecations and care realities among Turkish elderly and their children in the Netherlands]. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: University of Amsterdam.
61.
ZunzuneguiM. V.NunezO.DurbanM.de YébenesM. J. G.OteroÁ. (2006). Decreasing prevalence of disability in activities of daily living, functional limitations and poor self-rated health: A 6-year follow-up study in Spain. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 18, 352-358. doi:10.1007/BF03324830
62.
ZunzuneguiM. V.Rodriguez-LasoA.OteroA.PluijmS. M. F.NikulaS. (2005). Disability and social ties: Comparative findings of the CLESA study. European Journal of Ageing, 2, 40-47. doi:10.1007/s10433-005-00
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
