This article examines the bath as a nursing ritual, using examples from the literature from the 1880s to the present time. Selections from nursing periodicals and other literature are used to support the connections between past and present nursing practices in relation to bathing and hygienic care. The bath represents part of the essential character of nursing and is rooted in the beliefs, art, and science of the profession. It is a channel for many other nursing activities and responses, and as such, occupies a necessary part of nursing's repertoire and identity.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anonymous. (1888). Notes on fever nursing: Scarlet fever. The Trained Nurse, 2(1), 1-7.
2.
Anonymous. (1890a). More about cleanliness. The Nightingale, 5(39), 1.
3.
Anonymous. (1890b). Surgical cleanliness. The Nightingale, 5(23), 1.
4.
Anonymous. (1891). The question of male nurses. The Nightingale, 6(20), 1.
5.
Badger, F., Cameron, E., & Evers, H. (1989, March). Who gets a bath?Community Outlook, pp. 15-17.
6.
Brill, E. L., & Kilts, D. F. (1980). Foundations for nursing. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
7.
Cheadle, W. B. (1890). The progress of hygiene. The Trained Nurse, 5(5),220-225.
8.
DeCraemer, W., Vansina, J., & Fox, R. C. (1976). Religious movements in central Africa. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 18, 458-475.
9.
Dock, L. (1902). A history of nursing (Vol. 2). New York: G. P. Putnam.
10.
Douglas, M. (1970). The healing rite. Man, 5, 302-308.
11.
Douglas, M. (1975). Implicit meanings: Essays in anthropology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
12.
Edmonds, H. M. (1926, September 11). Baths and their uses. Nursing Times, pp. 805-806.
13.
Francis, M. (1889). Asepsis for the nurse. The Trained Nurse, 2(3), 153-160.
14.
Gluckman, M. (1975). Specificity of social-anthropological studies of ritual. Mental Health and Society, 2, 1-17.
15.
Greaves, A. (1985). We'll just freshen you up, dear... a bed bath can often leave the patient dirtier. Nursing Times, 81(10), 3-4, 7-8.
16.
Hogan, L. E. (1893). Baths and their effect. The Trained Nurse, 10(6), 243-244.
17.
Kozier, B., & Erb, G. L. (1979). Fundamentals of nursing: Concepts and procedures. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley.
18.
Love, I. N. (1896). Typhoid fever—A few points concerning its management. The Trained Nurse and Hospital Review, 16(10), 497-503.
19.
Mac Donnell, E. L. (1895). Hygiene. The Trained Nurse and Hospital Review, 15(4), 167-170.
20.
Melosh, B. (1982). The physician's hand: Work culture and conflict in American nursing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
21.
Murdock, G. P., Ford, C. S., Hudson, A. E., Kennedy, R., Simmons, L. W., & Whiting, J.W.M. (1971). Outline of cultural materials (4th ed.). New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files, Inc.
22.
Pacis, C. R. (1986). A comparison of three methods of temperature control. ANPHI Papers, 21(2), 20-28.
23.
Palmer, E. L. (1989). The bath team approach: Providing immediate assitance to the critical care nurse. Recruitment & Retention Report, 2(6), 1-3.
24.
Reverby, S. (1987). Ordered to care: The dilemma of American nursing, 1850-1945. New York: Cambridge University Press.
25.
Riddle, M. M. (1899). Hospitals for contagious diseases: Methods of the Contagious Department of the Boston City Hospital. The Trained Nurse and Hospital Review, 23(6), 355-359.
26.
Robichaud-Ekstrand, S. (1991). Shower versus sink bath: Evaluation of heart rate, blood pressure, and subjective response of the patient with myocardial infarction. Heart & Lung, 20(4), 375-382.
27.
Rosenberg, C. E. (1987). The care of strangers. New York: Basic Books.
28.
Smith, M. E. (1900a). Baths and bathing. The Trained Nurse and Hospital Review, 25(1), 18-22.
29.
Smith, M. E. (1900b). Baths and bathing. The Trained Nurse and Hosptial Review, 25(2), 97-101.
30.
Smith, M. E. (1903). The nursing of contagious and infectious disease. The Trained Nurse and Hospital Review, 31(6), 358.
31.
Smith, O. K. (1936). Therapeutic temperature bath in childhood syphilis. American Journal of Nursing, 36(7), 693-696.
32.
Stackpoole, F. (1889). Bathing and washing of children. The Trained Nurse, 3(2), 89-93.
33.
Stone, A. (1892). The nurse and her duties. The Trained Nurse, 8(9), 401-407.
34.
Talcott, S. H. (1895). A lecture on cleanliness. The Trained Nurse, 14(1), 31-32.
35.
Turner, V. (1977). Process, system, and symbol: A new anthropological synthesis. Daedalus, 106, 61-80.
36.
Turton, M. A. (1907, January 5). Two nursing hints. Nursing Times, pp. 5-6.
37.
Walzer, M. (1982, December). Dirty work should be shared. Harper's, pp. 22-31.
38.
Weibe, R. H. (1984). The opening of American society. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
39.
Westland, A. (1889). Personal attention to the invalid. The Trained Nurse, 2(1), 58-60.
40.
Winston, E. H., Lane, L. D., & Gaffney, F. A. (1985). Oxygen uptake and cardiovascular responses in control adults and acute myocardial infarction patients during bathing. Nursing Research, 34(3), 164-169.
41.
Wolf, Z. R. (1988a). Nurses' work: The sacred and the profane. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
42.
Wolf, Z. R. (1988b). Nursing rituals. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 20(3), 59-69.