Psychospiritual Interventions for Blood Pressure Control in Adults with Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis and Implications for Holistic Nursing Practice

Abstract

Hypertension often remains inadequately controlled despite pharmacological therapy, indicating the influence of multidimensional factors on blood pressure regulation. Psychological and spiritual processes contribute to stress regulation and adaptive coping; however, quantitative synthesis of psychospiritual interventions within holistic nursing remains limited. This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of psychospiritual interventions on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in adults with hypertension. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines using databases covering 2000–2025. Twelve studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, with six studies analyzed for SBP and five for DBP. Psychospiritual interventions were associated with a significant reduction in SBP (SMD = −0.91; 95% CI: −1.54 to −0.29; p = .004), but not DBP (SMD = −0.20; 95% CI: −0.77 to 0.36; p = .48). Findings support psychospiritual interventions as complementary non-pharmacological strategies consistent with holistic nursing approaches to hypertension management.