Preoperative Medications

Egbert LD Battit GE Turndorf H : The value of the preoperative visit by an anesthetist. JAMA 185:553–555, 1963.

Leigh JM Walker J Janaganathan P : Effect of preoperative anesthetic visit on anxiety. Br Med J 2:987–989, 1977.

Moyers JR : Preoperative medication, in Barash PG Cullen BF Stoelting RK (eds): Clinical Anesthesia (ed 2). Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott, 1992, pp 615–635.

White PF : Pharmacologic and clinical aspects of preoperative medication. Anesth Analg 65:963–974, 1986.

Mueller RA Lundberg DBA : Manual of Drug Interactions for Anesthesiology (ed 2). New York, NY, Churchill Livingstone, 1992.

Lichtor JL Korttila K Lane BS : The effect of preoperative anxiety and premedication with midazolam on recovery from ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 68:S163, 1989 (abstr).

Hargreaves J : Benzodiazepine premedication in minor day-case surgery: Comparison of oral midazolam and temazepam with placebo. Br J Anaesth 61:611–616, 1988.

Greenwood BK Bradshaw EG : Preoperative medication for day-case surgery: A comparison between oxazepam and temazepam. Br J Anaesth 55:933–937, 1983.

Levine JM Farrington JM Verbanic KN : Antiemetic effects of preoperative lorazepam on postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology 77:A410, 1992 (abstr).

Jakobsen H Hertz JB Johansen JR : Premedication before day surgery: A double-blind comparison of diazepam and placebo. Br J Anaesth 57:300–305, 1985.

Beebe DS Belani KG Chang PN : Effectiveness of preoperative sedation with rectal midazolam, ketamine, or their combination in young children. Anesth Analg 75:880–884, 1992.

Kosarussavadi B : Premedication, in Bell C Hughes CW Oh TH (eds): The Pediatric Anesthesia Handbook. St. Louis, MO, Mosby-Year Book, Inc., 1991, pp 71–80.

Omoigui S : The Anesthesia Drug Handbook. St. Louis, MO, Mosby-Year Book, 1992.

Karl HW Rosenberger JL Larach MG : Transmucosal administration of midazolam for premedication of pediatric patients. Anesthesiology 78:885–891, 1993.

Aleniewski MI Bulas BJ Maderazo L : Intramuscular lorazepam versus pentobarbital premedication: A comparison of patient sedation, anxiolysis, and recall. Anesth Analg 56:489–492, 1977.

Heisterkamp OV Cohen PJ : The effect of intravenous premedication with lorazepam (ativan), pentobarbitone or diazepam on recall. Br J Anaesth 47:79–81, 1975.

Conner JT Parson N Katz RL : Evaluation of lorazepam and pentobarbital as surgical premedicants. Clin Pharmacol Ther 19:24–29, 1975.

Hupert C Yacoub M Turgeon LR : Effect of hydroxyzine on morphine analgesia for the treatment of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 59:690–696, 1980.

White PF : Preoperative evaluation and premedication of ambulatory surgery patients, in Barash PG (ed): Refresher Courses in Anesthesiology. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott, 1991, pp 217–232.

Tasi SK Wei CF Mok MS : Intranasal ketamine vs sufentanil as premedicant in children. Anesthesiology 71: A1173, 1989 (abstr).

Friesen RH Lockhart CH : Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for preanesthetic medication of pediatric day surgery patients with and without droperidol as a prophylactic anti-emetic. Anesthesiology 76:46–51, 1992.

Karl HW Keifer AT Larach MG : Nasal midazolam or sufentanil for preinduction of anesthesia in pediatric patients: Implications for intraoperative management. Anesthesiology 71:A1169, 1989 (abstr).

Opioid agonists and antagonists, in Stoelting RK (ed): Pharmacology and Physiology in Anesthetic Practice. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott, 1987, pp 69–101.

Gutstein HB Johnson KL Heard MB : Oral ketamine preanesthetic medication in children. Anesthesiology 76:28–33, 1992.

Manchikanti L Roush JR : Effect of preanesthetic glycopyrrolate and cimetidine on gastric fluid pH and volume in outpatients. Anesth Analg 63:40–46, 1984.

Coombs DW : Aspiration pneumonia prophylaxis. Anesth Analg 62:1055–1058, 1983.

Morison DH Dunn GL Fargas-Babjak AM : A double-blind comparison of cimetidine and ranitidine as prophylaxis against gastric aspiration syndrome. Anesth Analg 61:988–992, 1982.

Dubin SA Silverstein PI Wakefield ML : Comparison of the effects of oral famotidine and ranitidine on gastric volume and pH. Anesth Analg 69:680–683, 1989.

Manchikanti L Colliver JA Marrero TC : Ranitidine and metoclopramide for prophylaxis of aspiration pneumonitis in elective surgery. Anesth Analg 63:903–910, 1984.

Kallar SK Everett LL : Potential risks and preventive measures for pulmonary aspiration: New concepts in preoperative fasting guidelines. Anesth Analg 77:171–182, 1993.

Brater DC Peters MN Eshelman FN : Clinical comparison of cimetidine and ranitidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 32:484–489, 1982.

Bond VK Stoelting RK Gupta CD : Pulmonary aspiration syndrome after inhalation of gastric fluid containing antacids. Anesthesiology 51:452–453, 1979.

Manchikanti L Grow JB Colliver JA : Bicitra® (sodium citrate) and metoclopramide in outpatient anesthesia for prophylaxis against aspiration pneumonitis. Anesthesiology 63:378–384, 1985.

Schmidt JF Jorgensen BC : The effect of metoclopramide on gastric contents after preoperative ingestion of sodium citrate. Anesth Analg 63:841–843, 1984.

Anticholinergic drugs, in Stoelting RK (ed): Pharmacology and Physiology in Anesthetic Practice. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott, 1987, pp 232–239.

Watcha MF White PF : Postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology 77:162–184, 1992.

Alon E Himmelscher S : Ondansetron in the treatment of postoperative vomiting: A randomized, double-blind comparison with droperidol and metoclopramide. Anesth Analg 75:561–565, 1992.

Lessin J Azad SS Rosenblum F : Does antiemetic prophylaxis with ondansetron prolong recovery time? Anesth Analg 72:S162, 1991 (abstr).

McKenzie R Kovac A O'Connor T : Comparison of ondansetron versus placebo to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting in women undergoing ambulatory gynecologic surgery. Anesthesiology 78:21–28, 1993.

Ghignone M Calvillo O Quintin L : Anesthesia and hypertension: The effect of clonidine on perioperative hemodynamics and isoflurane requirements. Anesthesiology 67:3–10, 1987.

Flacke JW Bloor BC Flacke WE : Reduced narcotic requirement by clonidine with improved hemodynamic and adrenergic stability in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Anesthesiology 67:11–19, 1987.

Ghignone M Noe C Calvillo O : Anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery in the elderly: The effects of clonidine on intraocular pressure, perioperative hemodynamics, and anesthetic requirement. Anesthesiology 68:707–716, 1988.

Mason ST Angel A : Anaesthesia: The role of adrenergic mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 91:29–39, 1983.

Mikawa K Maekawa N Takao Y : Efficacy of oral clonidine premedication in children. Anesthesiology 77:A1169, 1992 (abstr).

Jaakola ML Scheinin H Scheinin M : Dexmedetomidine premedication before regional intravenous anesthesia in minor outpatient hand surgery. Anesthesiology 77:A836, 1992 (abstr).

Scheinin H Jaakola ML Sjovall S : Intramuscular dexmedetomidine as premedication for general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 78:1065–1075, 1993.

Brzustowicz RM Nelson DA Betts EK : Efficacy of oral premedication for pediatric outpatient surgery. Anesthesiology 60:475–477, 1984.

Nicolson SC Betts EK Jobes DR : Comparison of oral and intramuscular preanesthetic medication for pediatric outpatient surgery. Anesthesiology 71:8–10, 1989.

Meridy HW : Criteria for selection of ambulatory surgical patients and guidelines for anesthetic management: A retrospective study of 1553 cases. Anesth Analg 61:921–926, 1982.

Grogono AW Seltzer JL : A guide to drug interactions in anaesthetic practice. Drugs 19:279–291, 1980.

Thomson IR MacAdams CL Hudson RJ : Drug interactions with sufentanil: Hemodynamic effects of premedication and muscle relaxants. Anesthesiology 76:922–929, 1992.

Thomson IR Putnins CL Friesen RM : Hyperdynamic cardiovascular responses to anesthetic induction with high-dose fentanyl. Anesth Analg 65:91–95, 1986.

Stoelting RK (ed): Pharmacology and Physiology in Anesthetic Practice. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott, 1987.

Thomson IR Bergstrom RG Rosenbloom M : Premedication and high-dose fentanyl anesthesia for myocardial revascularization: A comparison of lorazepam versus morphine-scopolamine. Anesthesiology 68:194–200, 1988.

Stanley TH Bennett GM Loeser EA : Cardiovascular effects of diazepam and droperidol during morphine anesthesia. Anesthesiology 44:255–258, 1976.

Spiess BD Sathoff RH El-Gonzouri ARS : High-dose sufentanil: Four cases of sudden hypotension on induction. Anesth Analg 65:703–705, 1986.

Starr NJ Sethna DH Estafanous FG : Bradycardia and asystole following the rapid administration of sufentanil with vecuronium. Anesthesiology 64:521–523, 1986.

Cahalan MK Lurz FW Eger EI : Narcotics decrease heart rate during inhalational anesthesia. Anesth Analg 66:166–170, 1987.

Zahl K Worthington J : The effects of droperidol on recovery from induction with pentothal versus propofol in outpatient gynecologic surgery. Anesthesiology 77:A2, 1992 (abstr).

Mangar D Connell GR Farrell C : Pancuronium does not increase heart rate during anesthesia for cardiac operations. Anesthesiology 77:A947, 1992 (abstr).