Sepsis

Cdc : Increase in national hospital discharge survey rates for septicemia—United States, 1979-1987 . MMWR 39:31-34,1990

Parrillo JE : Septic shock in humans: Advances in the understanding of pathogenesis, cardiovascular dysfunction, and therapy. Ann Intern Med 113:227-242, 1990

Piper J. , Crawford G. : Septic shock. Probl Crit Care 4:90-124, 1990

Bone RC , Fisher CJ , Clemmer TP , et al: Sepsis syndrome: A valid clinical entity. Crit Care Med 17:389-393, 1989

Luce JM : Pathogenesis and management of septic shock. Chest 91:883-888, 1987

Anderson ET : Gram-negative rod bacteremia: Microbiologic, immunologic, and therapeutic considerations. Ann Intern Med 86:456-471, 1977

Young LS : Gram-negative sepsis, in Mandell GW , Douglas RG , Bennett JE (eds): Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. New York, NY, Churchill Livingstone, 1990, pp 611-635

Waisbren BA : Bacteremia due to gram-negative bacilli other than the salmonella. A clinical and therapeutic study. Arch Intern Med 88:467-488, 1951

Johanson WG , Pierce AK , Sanford JP : Changing pharyngeal bacterial flora of hospitalized patients: Emergence of gram-negative bacilli. N Engl J Med 281:1137-1140, 1969

Johanson WG , Pierce AK , Sanford JP : Nosocomial respiratory infections with gram-negative bacilli. The significance of colonization of the respiratory tract. Ann Intern Med 77:701-706,1972

Wolf SM , Bennett JV : Gram-negative rod bacteremia. N Engl J Med 291:733-734,1974

Nolan CM , Beaty HN : Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Current clinical patterns. Am J Med 60:495-500, 1976

Christensen GD , Bisno AL , Parisi JT , et al: Nosocomial septicemia due to multiply antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Ann Intern Med 96:1-10, 1982

Bruyn Gaw , van der Meer Jwm , Hermans J. , et al: Pneumococcal bacteremia in adults over a ten year period at University Hospital, Leiden. Rev Infect Dis 10:446-450, 1988

Gullberg RM , Homann SR , Phair JP : Enterococcal bacteremia: Analysis of 75 episodes . Rev Infect Dis 11:74-85,1989

Gatell JM , Trilla A. , Latorre X. , et al: Nosocomial bacteremia in a large spanish teaching hospital: Analysis of factors influencing prognosis. Rev Infect Dis 10:203-210, 1988

Terpenning MS : Anaerobic bacteremia in the elderly. Gerontology 35:130-136,1989

Reuben AG , Musher DM , Hamill RJ , et al: Polymicrobial bacteremia: Clinical and microbiologic patterns . Rev Infect Dis 11:161-183, 1989

Klastersky J. : Infections in immunocompromized patients: I. Pathogenesis, etiology, and diagnosis. Clin Ther 8:90-99, 1985

Dyess DL , Garrison RN , Fry DE : Candida sepsis. Implications of polymicrobial blood-borne infection. Arch Surg 120:345-348,1985

Wiles JB , Cerra FB , Siegel FB , et al: The systemic septic response: Does the organism matter? Crit Care Med 8:55-60, 1980

Morrison DC , Ryan JL : Endotoxins and disease mechanisms. Ann Rev Med 38:417-432,1987

Goldstein IM : Host factors in pathogenesis: The complement system—potential pathogenetic role in sepsis, in Root RK , Sande MA (eds): Septic Shock. New York, NY, Churchill Livingstone, 1985, pp 41-60

Harris RL , Musher DM , Bloom K. , et al: Manifestations of sepsis. Arch Intern Med 147:1895-1906, 1987

Ognibene FP , Rosenberg SA , Lotze M. , et al: Interleukin-2 administration causes reversible hemodynamic changes and left ventricular dysfunction similar to those seen in septic shock. Chest 94:750-754, 1988

Hack CE , DeGroot ER , Felt-Bersma RJ , et al: Increased plasma levels of interleukin-6 in sepsis. Blood 74:1704-1710,1989

Michie HR , Manogue KR , Spriggs DR , et al: Detection of circulating tumor necrosis factor after endotoxin administration. N Engl J Med 318:1481-1486, 1988

Fong Y. , Lowry SF : Tumor necrosis factor in the pathophysiology of infection and sepsis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 55:157-170, 1990

Li Tcm , Phillips M. , Shaw L. , et al: On-site physician staffing in a community hospital intensive care unit. JAMA 252:2023-2027,1984

Pizzo PA , Hathorn JW , Hiemenz J. , et al: A randomized trial comparing ceftazidime alone with combination antibiotic therapy in cancer patients with fever and neutropenia. N Engl J Med 315:552-558, 1986

Freimer EH , Donabedian H. , Raeder R. , et al: Empirical use of imipenem as the sole antibiotic in the treatment of serious infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 16:499-507, 1985

Liang R. , Yung R. , Chiu E. , et al: Ceftazidime vs. imipenem-cilastatin as initial monotherapy for febrile neutropenic patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34:1336-1341,1990

International Antimicrobial Therapy Project Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer : Combination'of amikacin and carbenicillin with or without cefazolin as empirical treatment of febrile neutropenic patients. J Clin Oncol 1:597-603,1983

Karp JE , Dick JD , Angelopulos C. , et al: Empiric use of vancomycin during prolonged treatment-induced granulocytopenia. Am J Med 81:237-242, 1986

Christensen GD , Bisno AL , Parisi JT , et al: Nosocomial septicemia due to multiply antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Ann Intern Med 96:1-10,1982

Moore RD , Smith CR , Lietman PS : The association of aminoglycoside plasma levels with mortality in patients with gram-negative bacteremia. J Infect Dis 149:443-448, 1984

Mann HJ , Fuhs DW , Awang R. , et al: Altered aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients with sepsis. Clin Pharm 6:148-153, 1987

Chan Glc : Alternative dosing strategy for aminoglycosides: Impact on efficacy, nephrotoxicity, and ototoxicity. DICP 23:788-794,1989

Oldfield EC , Garst PD , Hostettler C. , et al: Randomized, double-blind trial of 1- versus 4-hour amphotericin B infusion durations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34:1402-1406,1990

Lopez-Berestein G. , Bodey GP , Fainstein V. , et al: Treatment of systemic fungal infections with liposomal Amphotericin B. Arch Intern Med 149:2533-2536,1989

Shine K. , Silver M. , Young LS , et al: Aspects of the management of shock. Ann Intern Med 93:723-734, 1980

Rackman MI , Rackow EC : Optimal left heart filling pressure during fluid resuscitation of patients with hypovolemic shock and septic shock. Crit Care Med 11:165-169, 1983

Loeb HS , Winslow Ebj , Rahimtoola SH , et al: Acute hemodynamic effects of dopamine in patients with shock . Circulation 44:163-173, 1971

Hesselvik JF , Brodin B. : Low dose norepinephrine in patients with septic shock and oliguria: Effects on afterload, urine flow, and oxygen transport . Crit Care Med 17:179-180, 1989

Graf H. , Leach W. , Arieff AI : Evidence for a deterimental effect of bicarbonate therapy in hypoxic lactic acidosis. Science 227:754-756, 1985

Mizock LA : Controversies in lactic acidosis: Complications in critically ill patients . JAMA 258:497-501, 1987

Stacpoole PW , Harman EM , Curry SH , et al: Treatment of acidosis with dichloroacetate. N Engl J Med 309:390-396,1983

Kreisberg RA : Pathogenesis and management of lactic acidosis. Ann Rev Med 35:181-193, 1984

Putterman C. : Modern approaches to the therapy of septic shock. Am J Emerg Med 8:152.161, 1990

Schumer W. : Steroids in the treatment of clinical septic shock. Ann Surg 184:333-341,1976

Sprung CL , Caralis PV , Marcial EH , et al: The effects of high-dose corticosteroids in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 311:1137-1143,1984

Bone RC , Fisher CJ , ClemmerTP , et al: A controlled clinical trial of high-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 317:653-658,1987

The Veterans Administration Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group : Effect of high-dose glucocorticoid therapy on mortality in patients with clinical signs of systemic sepsis. N Engl J Med 317:659-665, 1987

Nicholson DP : Review of corticosteroid treatment in sepsis and septic shock: Pro or con. Crit Care Clin 5:151-155,1989

Holaday JW , Faden AI : Naloxone reversal of endotoxin hypotension suggests role of endorphins in shock. Nature 275:450-451,1978

DeMaria A. , Craven DE , Heffernan JJ , et al: Naloxone versus placebo in treatment of septic shock. Lancet 1:1363-1365,1985

Roberts DE , Hall KW , Dobson KE , et al: Effect of prolonged naloxone infusion in septic shock. Lancet 2:699-702,1988

Ziegler EJ , McCutchan JA , Fierer J. , et al: Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and shock with human antiserum to a mutant Escherichia coli. N Engl J Med 307:1225-1230, 1982

Baumgartner JD , Glauser MP , McCutchan JA , et al: Prevention of gram-negative shock and death in surgical patients by antibody to endotoxin core glycolipid. Lancet 2:59-63,1985

Calandra T. , Glauser MP , Schellekens J. , et al: Treatment of gram-negative septic shock with human IgG antibody to Escherichia coli J5: A prospective, double-blind, randomized trial. J Infect Dis 158:312-319, 1988

Lachman E. , Pitsoe SB , Gaffin SL : Antilipoploysaccharide immunotherapy in management of septic shock of obstetric and gynaecologic origin. Lancet 1:981-983, 1984

Aitchison JM , Arbuckle DD : Anti-endotoxin in the treatment of severe surgical septic shock: Results of a randomized, double-blind trial. S Afr Med J 68:787-789, 1985

McCabe WR , DeMaria A. Jr , Berberich H. , et al: Immunization with rough mutants of Salmonella minnesota: Protective activity of IgM and IgG antibody to the R595 (Re chemotype) mutant. J Infect Dis 158:291-300, 1988

Harkonen S. , Scannon P. , Mischak R. : Phase I study of a murine monoclonal anti-lipid A antibody in bacteremic and non-bacteremic patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32:710-716,1988

Teng Nnh , Kaplan HS , Hebert JM , et al: Protection against gram-negative bacteremia and endotoxemia with human monoclonal IgM antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:1790-1794, 1985

Bernard GR , Grossman JE , Campbell GD , et al: Multicenter trial of a monoclonal antiendotoxin antibody (Xomen™-E5) in gram-negative sepsis [abstract]. Chest 96:137S, 1989

Gorelick K. , Jacobs R. , Chmel H. , et al: Efficacy results of a randomized multicenter trial of E5 antiendotoxin monoclonal aritibody in patients with suspected gram-negative sepsis, in Program and Abstracts From the 29th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Houston, TX, American Society for Microbiology, 1989 (abstr 2)

Ziegler EJ , Fisher CJ , Sprung CL , et al: Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and septic shock with HA-1A human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin. N Engl J Med 324:429-436, 1991

Beutler B. , Milsark IW , Cerami AC : Passive immunization against cachectin/tumor necrosis factor protects mice from lethal effect of endotoxin. Science 229:869-871, 1985

Tracey KJ , Fong Y. , Hesse DG , et al: Anti-cachectin/ TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteremia. Nature 330:662-664, 1987

Holcroft JW , Vassar MJ , Weber CJ : Prostaglandin E1 and survival in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Surg 203:371-378, 1986

Stevens JH , O'Hanley P. , Shapiro JM , et al: Effects of anti-C5a antibodies on the adult respiratory distress syndrome in septic primates. J Clin Invest 77:1812-1816, 1986

Jacobs ER , Saulsby ME , Bone RC , et al: Ibuprofen in canine endotoxin shock. J Clin Invest 70:536-541,1982

Fletcher JR , Ramwell PW : Modification by aspirin and indomethacin, of the hemodynamic and releasing effects of E. coli in the dog. Br J Pharmacol 61:175-181,1977

Hanasawa K. , Aoki H. , Yoshioka T. , et al: Novel mechanical assistance in the treatment of endotoxic and septicemic shock. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 35:341-343,1989