Koch-Weser J. , Klein SW: Procainamide dosage schedules, plasma concentrations, and clinical effects. JAMA215:1454-1460, 1971
2.
Giardina Egv , Heissenbuttel RH, Bigger JT: Intermit. tent intravenous procaine amide to treat ventricular arrhythmias. Correlation of plasma concentrations with effect on arrhythmia, electrocardiogram, and blood pressure. Ann Interm Med78:183-193, 1973
3.
Sokolow M., Edgar AL: Blood quinidine concentrations as a guide in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias . Circulation1:576-592, 1950
4.
Heissenbuttel RH, Bigger JT: The effect of oral quinidine on intraventricular conduction in man: Correlation of plasma quinidine with changes in QRS duration . Am Heart J, 80:453-462, 1970
5.
Kessler KM, Lowenthal DT, Warner H., et al: Quinidine elimination in patients with congestive heart failure or poor renal function. N Engl J Med290:706-709, 1974
6.
Carliner NH, Fisher MLCrouthamel WG, et al: Relation of ventricular premature beat suppression to serum quinidine concentration determined by a new and specific assay. Am Heart J100:483-489, 1980
7.
Niarchos AP: Disopyramide: Serum level and arrhythmia conversion. Am Heart J92:57-64, 1976
8.
Gianelly R., Von der Groeben JO, Spivack AP, et al: Effect of lidocaine on ventricular arrhythmias in patients with coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med277:1215-1219, 1967
9.
Winkle RA, Meffin PJ, Fitzgerald JW, et al: Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of a new orally effective antiarrhythmic, tocainide. Circulation54:884-889, 1976
10.
Anderson JL , Stewart JR, Perry BA, et al: Oral flecainide acetate for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med305:473-477, 1981
11.
Platia EV, Estes M., Heine DL, et al: Flecainide: Electrophysiologic and antiarrhythmic properties in refractory ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol55:956-962, 1985
12.
Winkle RA: Antiarrhythmic drug effect mimicked by spontaneous variability of ventricular ectopy. Circulation57:1116-1121, 1978
13.
Morganroth J., Michelson EL, Horowitz LN, et al: Limitations of routine long-term electrocardiographic monitoring to assess ventricular ectopic frequency. Circulation58:408-414, 1978
14.
Myerburg RJ , Kessler KM, Kiem I., et al: Relationship between plasma levels of procainamide, suppression of premature ventricular complexes and prevention of recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Circulation64:280-290, 1981
15.
Roden DM, Reele SB, Higgins SB, et al: Tocainide therapy for refractory ventricular arrhythmias. Am Heart J100:15-22, 1980
16.
Capparelli EV , Kluger J., Regnier JC, et al: Clinical and electrophysiologic effects of flecainide in patients with refractory ventricular tachycardia. J Clin Pharmacol28:268-275, 1988
17.
Mitchell LB, Duff HJ, Manyari DE, et al: A randomized clinical trial of the noninvasive and invasive approaches to drug therapy of ventricular tachycardia. N Engl J Med317:1681-1687, 1987
18.
Greenspan AM , Horowitz LN, Spielman SR, et al: Large dose procainamide therapy for ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Am J Cardiol46:453-462, 1980
19.
Lie KI, Wellens HJ, Van Capelle FJ, et al: Lidocaine in the prevention of primary ventricular fibrillation. A doubleblind, randomized study of 212 consecutive patients. N Engl J Med291:1324-1326, 1974
20.
Tjandra-Maga TB, Verbesselt R., Van Hecken A, et al: Flecainide: Single and multiple oral dose kinetics, absolute bioavailability and effect of food and antacid in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol22:309-316, 1986
21.
Conard GJ, Carlson GL, Frost GW, et al: Human plasma pharmacokinetics of flecainide acetate (R-818), a new antiarrhythmic, following single oral and intravenous doses. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 25:218, 1979 (abstr)
22.
Woosley RL, Siddoway LA, Duff HJ, et al: Flecainide dose-response relations in stable ventricular arrhythmias . Am J Cardiol53:59B-65B, 1984
23.
Conard GJ, Cronheim GE, Klempt HW: Relationship between plasma concentrations and suppression of ventricular extrasystoles by flecainide acetate (R-818), a new antiarrhythmic, in patients . Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res32:155-159, 1982
24.
Meffin PJ, Robert EW, Winkle RA, et al: Role of concentration-dependent plasma protein binding in disopyramide disposition. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm7:29-46, 1979
25.
Lam Ywf: Stereoselectivity: An issue of significant importance in clinical pharmacology . Pharmacotherapy8:147-157, 1988
26.
Drayer DE: Problems in therapeutic drug monitoring: The dilemma of enantiomeric drugs in man. Ther Drug Monit10:1-7, 1988
27.
Thomson AH, Murdoch G., Pottage A., et al: The pharmacokinetics of R- and S-tocainide in patients with acute ventricular arrhythmias. Br J Clin Pharmacol21:149-154, 1986
28.
Sedman AJ, Gal J., Mastropaolo W., et al: Serum tocainide enantiomer concentrations in human subjects . Br J Clin Pharmacol17:113-115, 1984
29.
Pollick C., Giacomini KM, Blaschke TF, et al: The cardiac effects of d- and 1-disopyramide in normal subjects: A noninvasive study. Circulation66:447-453, 1982
30.
Lima JJ, Boudoulas H., Shields BJ: Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of disopyramide enantiomers in man . Drug Metab Dispos13:572-577, 1985
31.
Echizen H., Brecht T., Niedergesass S., et al: The effect of dextro-, levo-, and racemic verapamil on atrioventricular conduction in humans. Am Heart J109:210-217, 1985
32.
Hoon TJ, Bauman JL, Rodvold KA, et al: The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences of the D-and L-isomers of verapamil: Implications in the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Am Heart J112: 396-403,1986
33.
Vogelgesang B., Echizen H., Schmidt E., et al: Stereoselective first-pass metabolism of highly cleared drugs: studies of the bioavailability of I- and d-verapamil examined with a stable isotope technique. Br J Clin Pharmacol18:733-740, 1984
34.
Kates RE: Plasma level monitoring of antiarrhythmic drugs. Am J Cardiol52:8C-13C, 1983
35.
David BM, Ilett KF, Whitford EG, et al: Prolonged variability in plasma protein binding of disopyramide after acute myocardial infarction. Br J Clin Pharmacol15:435-441,1983
36.
Routledge PA , Stargel WW, Wagner GS, et al: Increased alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and lidocaine disposition in myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med93:701-704, 1980
37.
Woosley RL, Roden DM: Importance of metabolites in antiarrhythmic therapy. Am J Cardiol52:3C-7C, 1983
38.
Winkle RA, Jaillon P., Kates RE, et al: Clinical pharmacology and antiarrhythmic efficacy of N-acetylprocainamide . Am J Cardiol47:123-130, 1981
39.
Roden DM, Reele SB, Higgins SB, et al: Antiarrhythmic efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety of N-acetylprocainamide in human subjects: Comparison with procainamide. Am J Cardiol46:463-468, 1980
40.
Siddoway LA , Thompson KA, McAllister CB, et al: Polymorphism of propafenone metabolism and disposition in man: Clinical and pharmacokinetic consequences. Circulation75:785-791, 1987
41.
Winkle RA, Peters F., Kates RE, et al: Clinical pharmacology and antiarrhythmic efficacy of encainide in patients with chronic ventricular arrhythmias. Circulation64:290-296, 1981
42.
Dumoulin P. , Jaillon P., Kher A., et al: Long-term efficacy and safety of oral encainide in the treatment of chronic ventricular ectopic activity: Relationship to plasma concentrations—A French multicenter trial. Am Heart J110:575-581, 1985
43.
Somberg JC, Zanger D., Levine E., et al: Encainide: A new and potent antiarrhythmic. Am Heart J114:826-835, 1987
44.
Thompson KA , Murray JJ, Blair IA, et al: Plasma concentrations of quinidine, its major metabolites, and dihydroquinidine in patients with torsades de pointes . Clin Pharmacol Ther43:636-642, 1988
45.
Berry NS, Bauman JL, Gallastegui JL, et al: Analysis of antiarrhythmic drug concentrations determined during electrophysiologic drug testing in patients with inducible tachycardias. Am J Cardiol61:922-924, 1988
46.
McCollam PL , Bauman JL, Beckman KJ, et al: A simple method of monitoring antiarrhythmic drugs during acute and chronic therapy. Am J Cardiol63:1273-5, 1989