The various liberation movements in South Africa historically have criticized ideologies that emphasize political mobilization along ethnic lines. However, the African National Congress (ANC) has had to contend with former KwaZulu Chief Minister Buthelezi's attempts to appeal to Zulu identity in order to mobilize political support, as well as the difficulty of attracting the Indian and coloured votes. These trends have forced the ANC to acknowledge in its political strategy the potential power of ethnic mobilization, in spite of the commitment made by the organization and its allies to a secular democracy based on equality of citizenship.
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