The Critical and Sociological Approach in Middle East Studies

Abaza, Mona and Georg Stauth. 1988. "Occidental Reason, Orientalism, Islamic Fundamentalism." International Sociology, 3(4):343-364.

Alavi, Hamza. 1973. "The State in Postcolonial Society." Socialist Register 1973, edited by Ralph Miliband and John Saville. London: Merlin Press.

al-Azm, Sadeq Jalal. 1969.A Critique of Religious Thought. Beirut (in Arabic).

. 1984. "Orientalism and Orientalism-in-reverse." In Jon Rothschild , ed., Forbidden Agendas: Intolerance and Resistance in the Middle East. London: Al-Saqi Publishers.

Amin, Samir. 1980. The Arab Economy Today. New York: Monthly Review.

Ashtiani, Ali and Val Moghadam . 1990. "Does the Left Have A Future in Iran? Contending with Political Islam." In progress.

Bouhdiba, Abdelwahab. 1985. Sexuality in Islam. London : Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Eickelman, Dale. 1989. The Middle East: An Anthropological Approach. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Ghoussoub, Mai. 1987. "Feminism — or the Eternal Masculine — in the Arab World." New Left Review 161.

Hammami, Reza and Martina Rieker. 1988. "Feminist Orientalism and Orientalist Marxism." New Left Review 170.

Kandiyoti, Deniz. 1988. "Bargaining with Patriarchy." Gender and Society 2(3).

Mann, Michael. 1986. "A Crisis in Stratification Theory? Persons, Households/Families/Lineages, Genders, Classes and Nations." In Rosemary Crompton and Michael Mann , eds. Gender and Stratification. London: Polity Press.

Mernissi, Fatima. 1987. Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in a Modern Muslim Society (2nd ed.). Bloomington, IN: University of Indiana Press.

Moghadam, Val. 1989a. "Against Eurocentrism and Nativism." Socialism and Democracy 9.

_______. 1989b. "Patriarchy, the State, and Women in Afghanistan: Problems and Prospects." Prepared for UNIFEM-UNICEF Workshop on Planning and Afghan Women, New York, 21-23 August.

_______. 1990a. "Revolution En-gendered: Women and Politics in Iran and Afghanistan." Prepared for the World Congress of Sociology, Madrid (July).

. 1990 b. "Women, Employment, and Social Change in the Middle East and North Africa." Forthcoming in Hilda Kahne and Janet Z. Giele , eds., Women Lives, Women's Work: Parallels and Contrasts in Modernizing and Industrialized Countries. Boulder, CO: Westview .

Natanyahu, Benjamin. 1986. Terrorism: How the West Can Win. New York: Avon.

Pipes, Daniel. 1989. The Long Shadow: Culture and Politics in the Middle East . New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Said, Edward. 1978. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon.

_______. 1988. "Orientalism Revisited." MERIP Middle East Reports 18(1). ________. 1988. "Identity, Negation and Violence ." New Left Review 171.

Tibi, Bassam. 1986. "Islam and Modem European Ideologies." International Journal of Middle East Studies 18(1).

Zubaida, Sami. 1988. "Islam, Cultural Nationalism and the Left." Review of Middle East Studies 4.