Abstract
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.BBC News (2016 ) US election: Clinton calls half of Trump supporters ‘deplorables’ . BBC News , September 10 . Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-37327156 (accessed 9 February 2026 ).
2.
Beeman
A
(2022 ) Liberal White Supremacy: How Progressives Silence Racial and Class Oppression . The University of Georgia Press .
3.
Bowles
S
Gintis
H
(1976 ) Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life . Basic Books .
4.
Cazenave
N
(1995 ) What does it mean to be white? The Hartford Courant , A15, February 24 .
5.
Cazenave
N
(2016 ) Conceptualizing Racism: Breaking the Chains of Racially Accommodative Language . Rowman and Littlefield , 136 pp.
6.
Cazenave
N
(2024 ) Kindness Wars: The History and Political Economy of Human Caring . Routledge .
7.
Cazenave
N
(2025 ) Cazenave Eyes: Memories of Racism and Racism Studies . Charles H. Kerr Publishing .
8.
Foner
P
Taylor
Y
(1999 ) Frederick Douglass (August 3, 1857) ‘West Indian Emancipation,’ Speech Delivered at Canandaigua, New York, August 3, 1857 . In:
Foner
P
Taylor
Y
(eds) Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings . Lawrence Hill .
9.
King
MLK
Jr.
(1963 ) Martin Luther King, Jr. Letter from a Birmingham Jail . African Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania , April 16 . Available at: https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html (accessed 24 September 2025 ).
10.
Martin
M
(2008 ) Obama Denounces Rev. Wright . Tell Me More , NPR , April 20 . Available at: https://www.npr.org/2008/04/30/90062878/obama-denounces-rev-wright (accessed 9 February 2026 ).
11.
Merriam Webster Dictionary
(2026 ) White . Available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/white (accessed 9 February 2026 ).
12.
Nopper
T
(2003 ) The White Anti-Racist Is an Oxymoron: An Open Letter to ‘White Anti-Racists’ . The Anarchist Library , February 24 . Available at: https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/tamara-k-nopper-the-white-anti-racist-is-an-oxymoron (accessed 4 February 2026 ).
13.
Obama
M
(2016 ) Remarks by the First Lady at the Democratic National Convention . The White House, Office of the First Lady , July 25 . Available at: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/07/25/remarks-first-lady-democratic-national-convention#:~:text=Remarks%20by%20the%20first%20Lady%20at%20the%20democratic%20national%20convention (accessed 9 February 2026 ).
14.
Pilkington
E
(2008 ) Obama angers Midwest voters with guns and religion remark . The Guardian , April 14 . Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/14/barackobama.uselections2008 (accessed 9 February 2026 ).
15.
Race Traitor
(1993 ) Editorial: abolish the white race by any means necessary . Race Traitor , vol. 1 , cover, 1 –3 . Available at: https://files.libcom.org/files/Race%20Traitor%2001%20(1993%20Winter).pdf (accessed 4 February 2026 ).
16.
Tuck
S
(2000 ) Liberalism . In:
Martin
W
Sullivan
P
(eds) Civil Rights in the United States , vol. 2 , Macmillan Reference USA .