Nutritional Problems in Peritoneal Dialysis: An Overview

Bergström J. Nutrition and mortality in hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995; 6: 1329–41.

Ikizler T. , Hakim R. Nutrition in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. 1996; 50: 343–57.

Kopple J. Effect of nutrition on morbidity and mortality in maintenance dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994; 24: 1002–9.

Canada-U.S.A. (CANUSA) Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. Adequacy of dialysis and nutrition in continuous peritoneal dialysis: Association with clinical out come. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996; 7: 198–207.

McCusker F. , Teehan B. , Thorpe K. , Keshaviah P. , Churchill D. How much peritoneal dialysis is required for the maintenance of a good nutritional state? Kidney Int. 1996; 50(Suppl 56): S56–61.

Lindholm B. , Bergström J. Nutritional requirements of peritoneal dialysis. In: Gokal R. , Nolph K.D. , eds. The Textbook of Peritoneal Dialysis. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1994: 443–72.

Young G.A. , Kopple J.D. , Lindholm B. , Vonesh E.F. , De Vecchi A. , Scalamogna A. Nutritional assessment of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients: An international study. Am J Kidney Dis. 1991; 17: 462–71.

Heimbürger O. , Lindholm B. , Bergström J. Nutritional effects and nutritional management of chronic peritoneal dialysis. In: Kopple J. , Massry S. , eds. Nutritional Management of Renal Disease. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996: 619–68.

Nelson E.E. , Hong C.D. , Pesce A.L. , Peterson D.W. , Singh S. , Pollak V.E. Anthropometric norms for the dialysis population. Am J Kidney Dis. 1990; 16: 32–7.

Cianciaruso B. , Brunori G. , Kopple J. , Traverso G. , Panarello G. , Evia G. Cross-sectional comparison of malnutrition in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1995; 26: 475–86.

Bergström J. Uremic toxicity. In: Kopple J. , Massry S. , eds. Nutritional Management of Renal Disease. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996: 97–190.

Bergström J. Why are dialysis patients malnourished? Am J Kidney Dis. 1995; 26: 229–41.

Young V.R. Nutritional requirements in normal adults. In: Mitch W.E. , Klahr S. , eds. Handbook of Nutrition and the Kidney. New York: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1998: 1–24.

Lindholm B. , Wang T. , Heimbürger O. , Bergström J. Influence of different treatments and schedules on the factors conditioning the nutritional status in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998; 13(Suppl 6): 66–73.

Bergström J. , Wang T. , Lindholm B. Factors contributing to catabolism in end-stage renal disease patients. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1998; 24: 92–101.

Fouque D. Causes and interventions for malnutrition in patients undergoing maintenance dialysis. Blood Purif. 1997; 15: 112–20.

Lowrie E.G. , Lew N.L. Death risk in hemodialysis patients: The predictive value of commonly measured variables and an evaluation of death rate differences between facilities. Am J Kidney Dis. 1990; 15: 458–82.

Jacob V. , Le Carpentier J.E. , Salzano S. , Naylor V. , Wild G. , Brown C.B. IGF-l, a marker of undernutrition in hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990; 52: 39–44.

Guarnieri G. , Toigo G. , Situlin R. , Faccini L. , Coli U. , Lannini S. Muscle biopsy studies in chronically uremic patients: Evidence for malnutrition. Kidney Int. 1983; 24(Suppl 16): S187–93.

Ahmed K. , Kopple J. Nutrition in maintenance hemodialysis patients. In: Kopple J. , Massry S. , eds. Nutritional Management of Renal Disease. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996: 563–600.

Zabetakis P.M. Nutritional monitoring techniques in dialysis. Can routine monitoring impact outcome? ASAIO J. 1997; 43: 243–5.

Kopple J.D. Nutritional status as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in maintenance dialysis patients. ASAIO J. 1997; 43: 246–50.

Bergström J. , Lindholm B. Malnutrition, cardiac disease and mortality -An integrated point of view. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998; 32: 1–10.

Heimbürger O. , Bergström J. , Lindholm B. Is serum albumin an index of nutritional status in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients? Perit Dial Int. 1994; 14: 108–14.

Katzarski K.S. , Wang T. , Heimbürger O. , Stenvinkel P. , Qureshi A.R. , Bergström J. Fluid status, blood pressure and serum albumin in CAPD patients [Abstract]. Perit Dial Int. 1998; 18(Suppl 2): S1.

Ikizler T. , Greene J. , Wingard R. , Parker R. , Hakim R. Spontaneous dietary protein intake during progression of chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995; 6: 1386–91.

Durand P.Y. , Freida P. , Chanliau J. , Gamberoni J. , Kessler M. Urea and creatinine weekly clearances measured by direct quantification: Comparison in APD, CAPD, and conventional HD [Abstract]. Perit Dial Int. 1996; 16(Suppl 2): S22.

Bergström J. , Lindholm B. Nutrition and adequacy of dialysis. How do hemodialysis and CAPD compare? Kidney Int. 1993; 43(Suppl 40): S39–50.

Bergström J. , Alvestrand A. , Lindholm B. , Tranæus A. Relationship between Kt/V and protein catabolic rate (PCR) is different in continuous peritoneal dialysis (CPD) and hemodialysis (HD) patients [Abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1991; 2: 358.

Lysaght M.J. , Vonesh E.F. , Gotch F. , Ibels L. , Keen M. , Lindholm B. The influence of dialysis treatment modality on the decline of remaining renal function. ASAIO Trans. 1991; 37: 598–604.

Jones M.R. Etiology of severe malnutrition: Results of an international cross-sectional study in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994; 23: 412–20.

Lindholm B. , Alvestrand A. , Fürst P. , Tranæus A. , Bergström J. Efficacy and clinical experience of CAPD -Stockholm, Sweden. In: Atkins R. , Thomson N. , Farrell P.C. , eds. Peritoneal Dialysis. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1981: 147–61.

Lysaght M. , Pollock C. , Hallet M. , Ibels L. , Farrell P. The relevance of urea kinetic modeling to CAPD. ASAIO Trans. 1989; 35: 784–90.

Marckmann Dialysepatienters kost bestemt ved 7 dages kostregistrering. Ugeskr Laeger. 1990; 152: 317–20.

von Bayer H. , Gahl G.M. , Riedinger H. , Borowzak R. , Averdunk R. , Schurig R. Adaptation of CAPD patients to the continuous peritoneal energy uptake. Kidney Int. 1983; 23: 29–34.

Heide B. , Pierratos A. , Khanna R. , Pettit J. , Ogilvie R. , Harrison J. Nutritional status of patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Perit Dial Bull. 1983; 3: 138–41.

Lindholm B. , Bergström J. Nutritional aspects on peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int. 1993; 42(Suppl 38): 165–71.

Bergström J. Metabolic acidosis and nutrition in dialysis patients. Blood Purif. 1996; 13: 361–7.

Mitch W. Cellular mechanisms of catabolism activated by metabolic acidosis. Blood Purif. 1996; 13: 368–74.

Straumann E. , Keller U. , Küry D. , Bloesch D. , Thélin A. , Arnaud M.J. Effect of acute acidosis and alkalosis on leucine kinetics in man. Clin Physiol. 1992; 12: 39–51.

Hara Y. , May R.C. , Kelly R.C. , Mitch W.E. Acidosis, not azotemia, stimulates branched-chain, amino acid catabolism in uremic rats. Kidney Int. 1987; 32: 808–14.

May R.C. , Hara Y. , Kelly R.A. , Block K.P. , Buse M. , Mitch W.E. Branched-chain amino acid metabolism in rat muscle: Abnormal regulation in acidosis. Am J Physiol. 1987; 252: E712–18.

Gennari F. Acid-base homeostasis in end-stage renal disease. Semin Dial. 1996; 9: 404–11.

Stein A. , Moorhouse J. , Iles-Smith H. , Baker F. , Johnstone J. , James G. Role of an improvement in acid-base status and nutrition in CAPD patients. Kidney Int. 1997; 52: 1089–95.

Wu C. , Huang C. , Huang J. , Wu M. , Leu M. High flux peritoneal membrane is a risk factor in survival of CAPD treatment. In: Khanna R. , ed. Advances in Peritoneal Dialysis. Toronto: Peritoneal Dialysis Publications, 1996; 12: 105–9.

Heaf J. CAPD adequacy and dialysis morbidity: Detrimental effect of a high peritoneal equilibration rate. Ren Fail. 1995; 17: 575–87.

Davies S.J. , Phillips L. , Russell G.I. Peritoneal solute transport predicts survival on CAPD independently of residual renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998; 13: 962–8.

Wang T. , Heimbürger O. , Waniewski J. , Bergström J. , Lindholm B. Increased peritoneal permeability is associated with decreased fluid and small solute removal and higher mortality in CAPD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998; 13: 1242–9.

Churchill D.N. , Thorpe K.E. , Nolph K.D. , Keshaviah P.R. , Oreopoulos D.G. , Page D. Increased peritoneal membrane transport is associated with decreased patient and technique survival for continuous peritoneal dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998; 9: 1285–92.

Harty J.C. , Boulton H. , Venning M.C. , Gokal R. Is peritoneal permeability an adverse risk factor for malnutrition in CAPD patients? Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1996; 22: 97–101.

Cueto-Manzano A.M. , Espinosa A. , Hernandez A. , Correa Rotter R. Peritoneal transport kinetics correlate with serum albumin but not with the overall nutritional status in CAPD patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997; 30: 229–36.

Bannister D.K. , Acchiardo S.R. , Moore L.W. , Kraus A.P. Nutritional effects of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Am Diet Assoc. 1987; 87: 53–6.

Verger C. , Larpent L. , Dumontet M. Prognostic value of peritoneal equilibration curves (EC) in CAPD patients. In: Maher J.F. , Winchester J.F. , eds. Frontiers in Peritoneal Dialysis. New York: Field, Rich and Assoc., Inc.; 1986: 88–93.

Gahl G. , Hain H. Nutrition and metabolism in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. In: Scarpione L.L. , Ballocchi S. , eds. Evolution and Trends in Peritoneal Dialysis. Vol 84. Basel: Karger; 1990: 36–44.

United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. USRDS 1997 Annual Data Report. Bethesda: United States Renal Data System; 1997.

Ikizler T.A. , Greene J.H. , Wingard R.L. , Parker R.A. , Hakim R.M. Spontaneous dietary protein intake during progression of chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995; 6: 1386–91.

Obrador G.T. , Pereira B.J. Early referral to the nephrologist and timely initiation of renal replacement therapy: A paradigm shift in the management of patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998; 31: 398–417.

Churchill D.N. An evidence-based approach to earlier initiation of dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997; 30: 899–906.

McCusker F.X. , Teehan B.P. , Thorpe K.F. , Keshaviah P.R. , Churchill D.N. How much peritoneal dialysis is required for the maintenance of a good nutritional state? Kidney Int. 1996; 50(Suppl 56): S56–61.

Mitch W.E. , Maroni B.J. Nutritional considerations and the indications for dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998; 31: 185–9.

Jones M.R. , Gehr T.W. , Burkart J.M. , Hamburger R.J. , Kraus A.P. , Piraino B.M. Replacement of amino acid and protein losses with 1.1% amino acid peritoneal dialysis solution. Perit Dial Int. 1998; 18: 210–16.

Kopple J.D. , Bernard D. , Messana J. , Swartz R. , Bergström J. , Lindholm B. Treatment of malnourished CAPD patients with an amino acid based dialysate. Kidney Int. 1995; 47: 1148–57.

Rubin J. , Garner T. Positive nitrogen balance after intraperitoneal administration of amino acids in three patients. Perit Dial Int. 1994; 14: 223–6.

Bruno M. , Bagnis C. , Marangella M. , Rovera L. , Cantaluppi A. , Linari F. CAPD with an amino acid dialysis solution: A long-term, cross-over study. Kidney Int. 1989; 35: 1189–94.

Faller B. , Aparicio M. , Faict D. , De Vos C. , Guiberteau R. , Jones M. Clinical evaluation of an optimized 1.1 % amino acid solution for peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1995; 10: 1432–7.

Misra M. , Reaveley D.A. , Ashworth J. , Muller B. , Seed M. , Brown E.A. Six-month prospective cross-over study to determine the effects of 1.1% amino acid dialysate on lipid metabolism in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int. 1997; 17: 279–86.

Maurer O. , Saxenhofer H. , Jaeger P. , Casez J.P. , Descoeudres C. , Horber F.F. Six-month overnight administration of intraperitoneal amino acids does not improve lean mass. Clin Nephrol. 1996; 45: 303–9.

Bárány P. , Pettersson E. , Ahlberg M. , Hultman E. , Bergström J. Nutritional assessment in anemic hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. Clin Nephrol. 1991; 35: 270–9.

Balaskas E.V. , Melamed I.R. , Gupta A. , Bargman J. , Oreopoulos D.G. Effect of erythropoietin treatment on nutritional status of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int. 1993; 13(Suppl 2): S544–9.

Soliman G. , Oreopoulos D.G. Anabolic steroids and malnutrition in chronic renal failure. Perit Dial Int. 1994; 14: 362–5.

Schulman G. , Wingard R.L. , Hutchison R.L. , Lawrence P. , Hakim R.M. The effects of recombinant human growth hormone and intradialytic parenteral nutrition in malnourished hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993; 21: 527–34.