Is There a Right Time to Sa Y No to Life?

U.S. Renal Data System, USRDS 1989 Annual Report, The National Institute of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Bethesda, MD, 1989.

Iseki K. , Kawazoe N. , Osawa A. , Fukiyama K. Survival analysis of dialysis patients in Okinawa, Japan 19711992. Kidney Int 1993; 43: 404–9.

Kjellstrand C. Stopping dialysis -different views. In: Oreopoulos D.G. , Michelis M. , Herschorn S. , eds. Nephrology and urology in the aged patient. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1993: 563–8.

Sehgal A. , Galbraith A. , Chesney M. , Schoenfeld P. , Charles G. , Lo B. How strictly do dialysis patients want their advance directives followed? JAMA 1992; 267: 59–63.

Cohen L.M. , Woods A. , McCrue J. The challenge of advance directives and ESRD. Dial Transplant 1991; 20: 593–4, 614.

Lo B. , McLeod G.A. , Saika M.A. Patient attitudes to discussing life-sustaining treatment. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 1613–15.

Byrne P. “In the best interest of…” Futility and intensive care. The Bioethics Bulletin, University of Alberta 1993; Sept 5: 1–3, 6.

Smith M.L. Futile medical treatment and patient consent. Cleve Clin J Med 1993; 60: 151–4.

Orlowski J.P. , Collins R.L. , Cancian S.N. Forgoing life supporting or death-prolongingtherapy: a policy statement. Cleve Clin J Med 1993; 60: 81–5.

Loewy E.H. , Carlson R.A. Futility and its wider implications: a concept in need of further examination. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 429–31.

Schneiderman L.J. , Jecker N. Futility in practice. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 437–41.

Callahan D. Pursuing a peaceful death. Hastings Center Report, 1993; 23: 33–8.

Bennett A.J. When is medical treatment “futile”? Issues Law Med 1993; 9: 35–45.