BeckerK.L., NylenE.S., WhiteJ.C., MullerB., SniderR.H.Jr.Clinical review 167: Procalcitonin and the calcitonin gene family of peptides in inflammation, infection, and sepsis: A journey from calcitonin back to its precursors.J Clin Endocrinol Metab2004; 89: 1512–25.
3.
FriedmanJ., RaiszL.G.Thyrocalcitonin: Inhibitor of bone resorption in tissue culture.Science1965; 150: 1465–7.
4.
OberhofferM., StonansI., RusswurmS., StonaneE., VogelsangH., JunkerU.Procalcitonin expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and its modulation by lipopolysaccharides and sepsis-related cytokines in vitro.J Lab Clin Med1999; 134: 49–55.
5.
DandonaP., NixD., WilsonM.F., AljadaA., LoveJ., AssicotM.Procalcitonin increase after endotoxin injection in normal subjects.J Clin Endocrinol Metab1994; 79: 1605–8.
6.
EberhardO.K., HaubitzM., BrunkhorstF.M., KliemV., KochK.M., BrunkhorstR.Usefulness of procalcitonin for differentiation between activity of systemic autoimmune disease (systemic lupus erythematosus/systemic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis) and invasive bacterial infection.Arthritis Rheum1997; 40: 1250–6.
7.
MeisnerM., TschaikowskyK., HutzlerA., SchickC., SchuttlerJ.Postoperative plasma concentrations of procalcitonin after different types of surgery.Intensive Care Med1998; 24: 680–4.
8.
NylenE.S., Al ArifiA., BeckerK.L., SniderR.H.Jr., AlzeerA.Effect of classic heatstroke on serum procalcitonin.Crit Care Med1997; 25: 1362–5.
9.
Herget-RosenthalS., KleinT., MarggrafG., HirschT., JakobH.G., PhilippT.Modulation and source of procalcitonin in reduced renal function and renal replacement therapy.Scand J Immunol2005; 61: 180–6.
10.
MitakaC.Clinical laboratory differentiation of infectious versus non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome.Clin Chim Acta2005; 351(1-2): 17–29.
11.
WhicherJ., BienvenuJ., MonneretG.Procalcitonin as an acute phase marker.Ann Clin Biochem2001; 38(Pt 5): 483–93.
12.
SitterT., SchmidtM., SchneiderS., SchifflH.Differential diagnosis of bacterial infection and inflammatory response in kidney diseases using procalcitonin.J Nephrol2002; 15: 297–301.
13.
DahabaA.A., RehakP.H., ListW.F.Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein plasma concentrations in nonseptic uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis.Intensive Care Med2003; 29: 579–83.
14.
OberhofferM., KarzaiW., Meier-HellmannA., BogelD., FassbinderJ., ReinhartK.Sensitivity and specificity of various markers of inflammation for the prediction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in patients with sepsis.Crit Care Med1999; 27: 1814–18.
15.
GabayC., KushnerI.Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation.N Engl J Med1999; 340: 448–54.
16.
MorleyJ.J., KushnerI.Serum C-reactive protein levels in disease.Ann N Y Acad Sci1982; 389: 406–18.
17.
GauldieJ., RichardsC., HarnishD., LansdorpP., BaumannH.Interferon beta 2/B-cell stimulatory factor type 2 shares identity with monocyte-derived hepatocyte-stimulating factor and regulates the major acute phase protein response in liver cells.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1987; 84: 7251–5.
18.
YeunJ.Y., LevineR.A., MantadilokV., KaysenG.A.C-reactive protein predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients.Am J Kidney Dis2000; 35: 469–76.
19.
ZimmermannJ., HerrlingerS., PruyA., MetzgerT., WannerC.Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and mortality in hemodialysis patients.Kidney Int1999; 55: 648–58.
20.
BemelmansM.H., GoumaD.J., BuurmanW.A.Influence of nephrectomy on tumor necrosis factor clearance in a murine model.J Immunol1993; 150: 2007–17.
21.
PooleS., BirdT.A., SelkirkS., Gaines-DasR.E., ChoudryY., StephensonS.L.Fate of injected interleukin 1 in rats: Sequestration and degradation in the kidney.Cytokine1990; 2: 416–22.
22.
HasperD., HummelM., KleberF.X., ReindlI., VolkH.D.Systemic inflammation in patients with heart failure.Eur Heart J1998; 19: 761–5.
23.
HimmelfarbJ., StenvinkelP., IkizlerT.A., HakimR.M.The elephant in uremia: Oxidant stress as a unifying concept of cardiovascular disease in uremia.Kidney Int2002; 62: 1524–38.
24.
SchindlerR., BoenischO., FischerC., FreiU.Effect of the hemodialysis membrane on the inflammatory reaction in vivo.Clin Nephrol2000; 53: 452–9.
25.
TielemansC., HussonC., SchurmansT., GastaldelloK., MadhounP., DelvilleJ.P.Effects of ultrapure and non-sterile dialysate on the inflammatory response during in vitro hemodialysis.Kidney Int1996; 49: 236–43.
26.
DuclouxD., Bresson-VautrinC., KribsM., AbdelfatahA., ChalopinJ.M.C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease in peritoneal dialysis patients.Kidney Int2002; 62: 1417–22.
TopleyN., WilliamsJ.D.Effect of peritoneal dialysis on cytokine production by peritoneal cells.Blood Purif1996; 14: 188–97.
29.
WitowskiJ., JorresA., ColesG.A., WilliamsJ.D., TopleyN.Superinduction of IL-6 synthesis in human peritoneal mesothelial cells is related to the induction and stabilization of IL-6 mRNA.Kidney Int1996; 50: 1212–23.
30.
Pecoits-FilhoR., StenvinkelP., WangA.Y., HeimburgerO., LindholmB.Chronic inflammation in peritoneal dialysis: The search for the holy grail?Perit Dial Int2004; 24: 327–39.
31.
ChungS.H., HeimburgerO., StenvinkelP., BergstromJ., LindholmB.Association between inflammation and changes in residual renal function and peritoneal transport rate during the first year of dialysis.Nephrol Dial Transplant2001; 16: 2240–5.
32.
DaviesS.J., PhillipsL., RussellG.I.Peritoneal solute transport predicts survival on CAPD independently of residual renal function.Nephrol Dial Transplant1998; 13: 962–8.
33.
BlakeP.G., AbrahamG., SombolosK., IzattS., WeissgartenJ., AyiomamitisA.Changes in peritoneal membrane transport rates in patients on long term CAPD.Adv Perit Dial1989; 5: 3–7.
34.
WilliamsJ.D., CraigK.J., TopleyN., Von RuhlandC., FallonM., NewmanG.R.Morphologic changes in the peritoneal membrane of patients with renal disease.J Am Soc Nephrol2002; 13: 470–9.
35.
SimonL., GauvinF., AmreD.K., Saint-LouisP., LacroixJ.Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clin Infect Dis2004; 39: 206–17.
36.
LinscheidP., SeboekD., NylenE.S., LangerI., SchlatterM., BeckerK.L.In vitro and in vivo calcitonin I gene expression in parenchymal cells: a novel product of human adipose tissue.Endocrinology2003; 144: 5578–84.
37.
MullerB., Christ-CrainM., NylenE.S., SniderR., BeckerK.L.Limits to the use of the procalcitonin level as a diagnostic marker.Clin Infect Dis2004; 39: 1867–8.
38.
MeisnerM., LohsT., HuettemannE., SchmidtJ., HuellerM., ReinhartK.The plasma elimination rate and urinary secretion of procalcitonin in patients with normal and impaired renal function.Eur J Anaesthesiol2001; 18: 79–87.