Consensus Guidelines for the Treatment of Peritonitis in Pediatric Patients Receiving Peritoneal Dialysis

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Hoshii S. , Honda M. , Itami N. , Oh S. , Matsumura C. , Moriya S. Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis in pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients. Pediatr Nephrol 2000; 14: 275–9.

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Warady B.A. , Reed L. , Murphy G. , Kastetter S. , Karlsen E. , Alon U. Aminoglycoside ototoxicity in pediatric patients receiving long-term peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 1993; 7: 178–81.

Shemin D. , Maaz D. , St. Pierre D , Kahn SI , Chazan JA. Effect of aminoglycoside use on residual renal function in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 31: 14–20.

Schaefer F. , Klaus G. , Müeller–Wiefel D.E. , Mehls O. Mid-European Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group (MEPPS). Intermittent versus continuous intraperitoneal glycopeptide/ceftazidime treatment in children with peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 136–45.

Müeller–Wiefel D.E. Treatment of peritonitis in pediatric continuous peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1999; 19(Suppl 2): S450–7.

Milliken S.P. , Matzke G.R. , Keane W.F. Antimicrobial treatment of peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1991; 11: 252–60.

Manley H.J. , Bailie G. , Asher R.D. , Eisele G. , Frye R.F. Pharmacokinetics of intermittent intraperitoneal cefazolin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 1999; 19: 65–70.

Low C.L. , Gopalakrishna K. , Lye W.C. Pharmacokinetics of once daily intraperitoneal cefaxolin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 1121.

Lai M-N , Kao M-T , Chen C-C , Cheung S-Y , Chung W-K . Intraperitoneal once-daily dose of cefazolin and gentamicin for treating CAPD peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 1997; 17: 87–9.

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Smith T.L. , Pearson M.L. , Wilcox K.R. , Cruz C. , Lancaster M.V. , Robinson–Dunn B. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 1999; 316: 927–31.

von Baum H. , Schehl J. , Geiss H.K. , Schaefer F. , Mid-European Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group (MEPPS). Prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci among children with end-stage renal failure. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 912–16.

Sieradzki K. , Roberts R.B. , Haber S.W. , Tomasz A. The development of vancomycin resistance in a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 517–23.

Jörres A. , Topley N. , Witowski J. Impact of peritoneal dialysis solutions on peritoneal immune defense. Perit Dial Int 1993; 13(Suppl 2): S291–4.

Cameron J.S. Host defences in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and the genesis of peritonitis. Pediatr Nephrol 1995; 9: 647–62.

Honda M. The 1997 report of the Japanese National Registry data on pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 1999; 19(Suppl 2): S473–8.

Kuizon B. , Melocoton T.L. , Holloway M. , Ingles S. , He-Jing , Fonkalsrud E.W. Infectious and catheter-related complications in pediatric patients treated with peritoneal dialysis at a single institution. Pediatr Nephrol 1995; 9: S12–17.

Warady B.A. , Fivush B. , Andreoli S.P. , Kohaut E. , Salusky I. , Schlichting L. Longitudinal evaluation of transport kinetics in children receiving peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13: 571–6.

Hölttä T.M. , Rönnholm K.A. , Holmberg C. Influence of age, time, and peritonitis on peritoneal transport kinetics in children. Perit Dial Int 1998; 18: 590–7.

Andreoli S.P. , Leiser J. , Warady B.A. , Schlichting L. , Brewer E.D. , Watkins S.L. Adverse effect of peritonitis on peritoneal membrane function in children on dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13: 1–6.

Manley H.J. , Bailie G.R. , Frye R. , Hess L.D. , McGoldrick M.D. Pharmacokinetics of intermittent intravenous cefazolin and tobramycin in patients treated with automated peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 1310–16.

Montane B.S. , Mazza I. , Abitbol C. , Zilleruelo G. , Strauss J. , Coakley S. Fungal peritonitis in pediatric patients. Adv Perit Dial 1998; 14: 251–4.

Warady B.A. , Bashir M. , Donaldson L.A. Fungal peritonitis in children receiving peritoneal dialysis: A report of the NAPRTCS. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 384–9.

Ramage I.J. , Harvey E. , Geary D.F. , Hebert D. , Balfe J.A. , Balfe J.W. Complications of gastrostomy feeding in children receiving peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13: 249–52.

Murugasu B. , Conley S.B. , Lemire J.M. , Portman R.J. Fungal peritonitis in children treated with peritoneal dialysis and gastrostomy feeding. Pediatr Nephrol 1991; 5: 620–1.

Robitaille P. , Merouani A. , Clermont M.J. , Hebert E. Successful antifungal prophylaxis in chronic peritoneal dialysis: A pediatric experience. Perit Dial Int 1995; 15: 77–9.

Lo W.K. , Chan C.Y. , Cheng S.W. , Poon J.F. , Chan D.T. , Cheng I.K. A prospective randomized control study of oral nystatin prophylaxis for candida peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28: 549–52.

Thodis E. , Vas S.I. , Bargman J.M. , Singhal M. , Chu M. , Oreopoulos D.G. Nystatin prophylaxis: Its inability to prevent fungal peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1998; 18: 583–9.

Dahl N.V. , Foote E.F. , Searson K.M. , Fein J.L. , Kapoian T. , Steward C.A. Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal fluconazole during continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis. Ann Pharmacother 2000; 32: 1284–9.

Anonymous. Fluconazole. In: Taketomo C.K. , Hodding J.H. , Kraus D.M. , eds. Pediatric dosage handbook, 6th ed. Cleveland: Lexi-Comp, Inc, 2000: 386–8.

Anonymous. Flucytosine. In: Taketomo C.K. , Hodding J.H. , Kraus D.M. , eds. Pediatric dosage handbook, 6th ed. Cleveland: Lexi-Comp Inc, 2000: 388–90.

Drugdex drug evaluations — fluconazole. Hutchison T.A. , Shahan D.R. , Anderson M.L. , eds. Englewood, CO: Drugdex® System Micromedex, Inc., 2000, September.

Drugdex drug evaluations — flucytosine. Hutchison T.A. , Shahan D.R. , Anderson M.L. , eds. Englewood, CO: Drugdex® System Micromedex, Inc., 2000, September.

Wong S.F. , Leung M.P. , Chan M.Y. Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in children requiring peritoneal dialysis. Clin Ther 1997; 19: 1039–47.

Reuman P.D. , Neiberger R. , Kondor D.A. Intraperitoneal and intravenous fluconazole pharmokinetics in a pediatric patient with end stage renal disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11: 132–3.

Blowey D.L. , Garg U.C. , Kearns G.L. , Warady B.A. Peritoneal penetration of amphotericin B lipid complex and fluconazole in a pediatric patient with fungal peritonitis. Adv Perit Dial 1998; 14: 247–50.

Klepser M.E. , Lewis R.E. , Pfaller M.A. Therapy of candida infections: Susceptibility testing, resistance, and therapeutic options. Ann Pharmacother 1998; 32: 1353–61.

Gianinni M.A. , Pearson T. , Patrick C.C. Fungal susceptibility testing. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18: 1021–2.

Gokal R. , Alexander S. , Ash S. , Chen T.W. , Danielson A. , Holmes C. Peritoneal catheters and exit-site practices toward optimum peritoneal access: 1998 update (official report from the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis). Perit Dial Int 1998; 18: 11–33.

Vychytil A. , Lorenz M. , Schneider B. , Horl W.H. , Haag–Weber M. New criteria for management of catheter infections in peritoneal dialysis patients using ultrasonography. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9: 290–6.

Kaplan R.A. , Alon U. , Hellerstein S. , Warady B.A. Unusual causes of peritonitis in three children receiving peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1993; 13: 60–2.

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Klaus G. , Schafer F. , Querfeld U. , Soergel M. , Wolf S. , Mehls O. Treatment of relapsing peritonitis in pediatric patients on peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 1992; 8: 302–5.

Williams A.J. , Boeltis I. , Johnson B.F. , Raftery A.T. , Cohen G.L. , Moorhead P.J. Tenckhoff catheter replacement or intraperitoneal urokinase: A randomized trial in the management of recurrent continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 1989; 9: 65–7.

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de Boer A.W. , Levi M. , Reddingius R.E. , Willems J.L. , van den Bosch S. , Schroder C.H. Intraperitoneal hypercoagulation and hypofibrinolysis is present in childhood peritonitis. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13: 284–7.

Neu A.M. , Furth S.L. , Lederman H.M. , Warady B.A. , Fivush B. Hypogammaglobulinemia in infants on peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1998; 18: 440–3.

Bouts A.H.M. , Davin J-C , Krediet R.T. , van der Weel M.B. , Schröder C.H. , Monnens L. Immunoglobulins in chronic renal failure of childhood: Effects of dialysis modalities. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 629–37.

The Mupirocin Study Group. Nasal mupirocin prevents Staphylococcus aureus exit-site infection during peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 11: 2403–8.

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Blowey D.L. , Warady B.A. , McFarland K.S. The treatment of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients. Adv Perit Dial 1994; 10: 297–9.

Kingwatanakul P. , Warady B.A. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in children receiving long-term peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 1997; 13: 281–4.

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Vas S. The need for antibiotic prophylaxis during peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1999; 19: 197–8.

Fried L. , Bernardini J. , Piraino B. Iatrogenic peritonitis: The need for prophylaxis. Perit Dial Int 2000; 20: 343–5.

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