The applicability of a biomaterial for the manufacturing of oral implants is determined by its physicochemical and geometric surface properties. Research, therefore, is concerned with the cellular reactions that occur when an implant material comes into contact with body tissues. For permucosal oral implants, this involves both the reaction of bone and gingival cells. In vitro cell culturing-including the use of various analytical techniques like light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and digital image analysis-is a good tool whereby investigators can obtain more insight into the relevant components of implant-tissue adhesion. In the current overview, the role of cell models in oral implant research is discussed, specifically with reference to responses of epithelial cells and fibroblasts.
Alberts B., Bray D., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K., Watson JD (1994). Molecular biology of the cell. 3rd ed. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.
2.
Aumailley M., Gayraud B. (1998). Structure and biological activity of the extracellular matrix. J Mol Med76:253-265.
3.
Benton LD, Khan M., Greco R. (1993). Integrins, adhesion molecules and surgical research . Surg Gynaecol Obstets177:311-327.
4.
Borradori L., Sonnenberg A. (1996). Hemidesmosomes: roles in adhesion, signaling and human diseases. Curr Opin Cell Biol8 :647-656.
5.
Bowers VM, Fisher LR, Francis GW, Williams KL (1989). A micromechanical technique for monitoring cell-substrate adhesiveness: measurements of the strength of red blood cell adhesion to glass and polymer test surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res23:1453-1473.
6.
Brash JL, Wojciechowski P, editors (1996). Interfacial phenomena and bioproducts. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
7.
Bray D. ( 1992). Cell movements. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.
8.
Brunette DM (1988). The effects of surface topography on the behavior of cells. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants3:231-246.
9.
Burgeson RE, Christiano AM (1997). The dermal-epidermal junction. Curr Opin Cell Biol9:651-658.
10.
Caulier H., van der Waerden Jpcm, Wolke Jgc, Kalk W., Naert I., Jansen JA (1997). A histological and histomorphometrical evaluation of the application of screw-designed calciumphosphate (Ca-P)-coated implants in the cancellous maxillary bone of the goat. J Biomed Mater Res35:19-30.
11.
Chen W.-T, Singer SJ (1982). Immunoelectron microscopic studies of the sites of cell-substratum and cell-cell contacts in cultured fibroblasts. J Cell Biol95:205-222.
12.
Chou LS, Firth JD, Uitto VJ, Brunette DM (1995). Substratum topography alters cell shape and regulates fibronectin mRNA level, mRNA stability, secretion and assembly in human fibroblasts . J Cell Sci108:1563-1573.
13.
Curtis A., Wilkinson C. (1997). Topographical control of cells. Biomaterials18:1573-1583.
14.
den Braber ET, de Ruijter JE, Smits Htj, Ginsel LA, von Recum AF, Jansen JA (1995). Effect of parallel surface micro grooves and surface energy on cell growth. J Biomed Mater Res29:511-518.
15.
den Braber ET, de Ruijter JE, Smits Htj, Ginsel LA, von Recum AF, Jansen JA (1996a). Quantitative analysis of cell proliferation and orientation on substrata with uniform parallel surface micro-grooves. Biomaterials17:1093-1099.
16.
den Braber ET, de Ruijter JE, Ginsel LA, von Recum AF, Jansen JA (1996b). Quantitative analysis of fibroblast morphology on microgrooved surfaces with various groove and ridge dimensions. Biomaterials17:2037-2044.
17.
den Braber ET, de Ruijter JE, Ginsel LA, von Recum AF, Jansen JA (1998). Orientation of ECM protein deposition, fibroblast cytoskeleton, and attachment complex components on silicone microgrooved surfaces . J Biomed Mater Res40:291-300.
18.
Dudman Npb, Hicks C., Wilcken Del (1987). A sluicing device for reproducibly measuring the strength of attachment of cultured cells to their substrate. Anal Biochem164:35-38.
19.
Dunn GA ( 1982). Contact guidance of cultured tissue cells: a survey of potentially relevant properties of the substratum. In: Cell behaviour. Bellairs R, Curtis ASG, Dunn GA, editors. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 247-280.
20.
Dunn GA, Heath JP (1976). A new hypothesis of contact guidance in tissue cells. Exp Cell Res101:1-14.
21.
Duval JL, Letort M., Sigot-Luizard MF (1988). Comparative assessment of cell/substratum static adhesion using an in vitro organ culture method and computerized analysis system. Biomaterials9:155-161.
22.
Garrod DR, Nicol A. (1981). Cell behaviour and molecular mechanism of cell-cell adhesion. Biol Rev56:199-242.
23.
Geiger B., Yehuda-Levenberg S., Bershadsky AD (1995). Molecular interactions in the submembrane plaque of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. Acta Anat154:46-62.
24.
Goldman RD, Khuon S., Chou YH, Steinert PM (1996). The function of intermediate filaments in cell shape and cytoskeletal integrity. J Cell Biol134:971-983.
25.
Goldmann WH, Ezzell RM, Adamson ED, Niggli V., Isenberg G. (1996). Vinculin, talin and focal adhesions. J Muscle Res Cell Motil17:1-5.
26.
Gould Trl, Brunette DM, Westbury L. (1981). The attachment mechanism of epithelial cells to titanium in vitro. J Periodont Res16:611-616.
27.
Green KJ, Jones JC (1996). Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes : structure and function of molecular components. FASEB J10:871-881.
28.
Gumbiner BM (1996). Cell adhesion: the molecular basis of tissue architecture and morphogenesis. Cell84:345-357.
29.
Gwynn Iap (1994). Cell biology at interfaces. J Mater Sci5:357-360.
30.
Hall A. ( 1998). Rho GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Science279:509-514.
Hertl W., Ramsey WS, Nowlan ED (1984). Assessment of cell-substrate adhesion by a centrifugal method. In Vitro20 :796-801.
33.
Howe A., Aplin AE, Alahari SK, Juliano RL (1998). Integrin signaling and cell growth control. Curr Opin Cell Biol10:220-231.
34.
Hubbe MA (1981). Adhesion and detachment of biological cells in vitro. Prog Surf Sci11:65-138.
35.
Hynes RO (1987). Integrins: a family of cell surface receptors . Cell48:549-554.
36.
Hynes RO (1992). Integrins: versatily, modulation, and signalling in cell adhesion. Cell69:11-25.
37.
Iuliano DK, Saavedra SS, Truskey GA (1993). Effect of the conformation and orientation of adsorbed fibronectin on endothelial cell spreading and the strength of adhesion . J Biomed Mater Res27:1103-1113.
38.
Jansen JA, de Wijn JR, Wolters-Lutgerhorst Jml, van Mullem PJ (1985). Ultrastructural study of epithelial cell attachment to implant materials. J Dent Res64:891-896.
39.
Jansen JA, van der Waerden Jpcm, de Groot K. (1989). Effect of surface treatments on attachment and growth of epithelial cells. Biomaterials10:604-608.
40.
Jansen JA, van der Waerden Jpcm, de Groot K. (1991). Fibroblast and epithelial cell interactions with surface-treated implant materials. Biomaterials12:25-31.
41.
Jockusch BM, Bubeck P., Giehl K., Kroemker M., Moschner J., Rothkegel M., et al. (1995). The molecular architecture of focal adhesions . Ann Rev Cell Dev Biol11:379-416.
42.
Joshi HC (1998). Microtubule dynamics in living cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol10:35-44.
43.
Kolanus W., Zeitlmann L. (1998). Regulation of integrin function by inside-out signaling mechanisms. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol231 :33-49.
44.
Lackie JM (1986). Cell movement and cell behaviour. London: Allen & Unwin Ltd.
45.
Lauffenburger DA, Horowitz AF (1996). Cell migration: a physically integrated molecular process. Cell84:359-369.
46.
Lemm W, editor (1992). The reference materials of the European Communities: results of hemocompatibility tests. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
47.
Levesque MJ, Nerem RM (1985). The elongation and orientation of cultured endothelial cells in response to the shear stress. J Biomechan Eng107:341-347.
48.
Listgarten MA, Lang NP, Schroeder HE, Schroeder A. (1991). Periodontal tissues and their counterparts around endosseous implants. Clin Oral Impl Res2:1-19.
49.
Maroudas NG (1975). Adhesion and spreading of cells on changed surfaces . J Theoret Biol47:417-424.
50.
Middleton CA, Sharp JA (1984). Cell locomotion in vitro: techniques and observations . Baron PJ, editor. Kent, UK: Croom Helm Ltd.
Newham P., Humphries MJ (1996). Integrin adhesion receptors: structure, function and implications for biomedicine. Mol Med Today7:304-313.
53.
Oakley C., Brunette DM (1995). Topographic compensation: guidance and directed locomotion of fibroblasts on grooved micromachined substrata in the absence of microtubules. Cell Motil Cytoskel31:45-58.
Pawley JB, editor (1995). Handbook of biological confocal microscopy. New York: Plenum Press.
56.
Peppas NA, Langer R. (1994). Challenges in biomaterials. Science263:1715-1720.
57.
Schakenraad JM, Busscher HJ, Wildevuur Crh, Arends J. (1986). The influence of substratum free surface energy on growth and spreading of human fibroblasts in the presence and absence of serum proteins. J Biomed Mater Res20:802-808.
58.
Schakenraad JM, Arends F., Dijk F., Wachens PB, Wildevuur ChRM, Busscher HJ (1989). Kinetics of cell spreading on protein precoated substrata: a study of interfacial aspects. Biomaterials10:43-50.
Singer II, Scott S., Kawka DW, Kazazis DM, Gailit J., Ruoslahti E. (1988). Cell surface distribution of fibronectin and vitronectin receptors depends on substrate composition and extra cellular matrix accumulation . J Cell Biol106:2171-2182.
61.
Singhvi R., Stephanopoulos G., Wang Dic (1994). Review: effects of substratum morphology on cell physiology. Biotechnol Bioeng43:764-771.
62.
Steele JG, Johnson G., Underwood PA (1992). Role of serum vitronectin and fibronectin in adhesion of fibroblasts following seeding onto tissue culture polystyrene. J Biomed Mater Res26:861-884.
63.
Stossel TP (1993). On the crawling of animal cells. Science260:1086-1094.
64.
Truskey GA, Burmeister JS, Grapa E., Reichert WM (1992). Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM): II. Topographical mapping of relative cell/substratum separation distances. J Cell Sci103:491-499.
65.
Uitto VJ, Larjava H., Peltonen J., Brunette DM (1992). Expression of fibronectin and integrins in cultured periodontal ligament epithelial cells. J Dent Res71 :1203-1211.
66.
Vaishnav RN, Patel DJ, Atabek HB, Deshpande MD, Plowman F., Vossoughi J. (1983). Determination of the local erosion stress of the canine endothelium using a jet impingement method. J Biomechan Eng105:77-83.
67.
von Recum AF, van Kooten TG (1995). The influence of micro-topography on cellular response and the implications for silicone implants. J Biomater Sci Polymer Ed7:181-198.
68.
Vroman L., Adams AL (1969). Identification of rapid changes at plasma-solid interfaces. J Biomed Mater Res3:43-67.
69.
Walboomers XF, Croes Hje, Ginsel LA, Jansen JA (1998). Growth behavior of fibroblasts on microgrooved polystyrene. Biomaterials19:1861-1868.
70.
Ziats NP, Pankowsky DA, Tieney BP, Rathoff OD, Anderson JM (1990). Adsorption of Hagemann factor (factor XII) and other human plasma proteins to biomedical polymers. J Lab Clin Med116:687-696.
