Xylitol,Mutans Streptococci,and Dental Plaque

Aas JA, Griffen AL, Dardis SR, Lee AM, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE, et al. (2008). Bacteria of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children and young adults. J Clin Microbiol 46:1407–1417.

Assev S, Stig S, Scheie AA (2002). Cariogenic traits in xylitol-resistant and xylitol-sensitive mutans streptococci. Oral Microbiol Immunol 17:95–99.

Badet C, Furiga A, Thebaud N (2008). Effect of xylitol on an in vitro model of oral biofilm. Oral Health Prev Dent 6:337–341.

Bradshaw DJ, Marsh PD (1994). Effect of sugar alcohols on the composition and metabolism of a mixed culture of oral bacteria grown in a chemostat. Caries Res 28:251–256.

Cronin M, Gordon J, Reardon R, Balbo B (1994). Three clinical trials comparing xylitol- and sorbitol-containing chewing gums for their effect on supragingival plaque accumulation. J Clin Dent 5:106–109.

Featherstone JD (2006). Delivery challenges for fluoride, chlorhexidine and xylitol. BMC Oral Health 6(Suppl 1):8.

Fontana M, Catt D, Eckert GJ, Ofner S, Toro M, Gregory RL, et al. (2009). Xylitol: acquisition of cariogenic species in infants. Pediatr Dent 31:257–266.

Haresaku S, Hanioka T, Tsutsui A, Yamamoto M, Chou T, Gunjishima Y (2007). Long-term effect of xylitol gum use on mutans streptococci in adults. Caries Res 41:198–203.

Havenaar R, Huis in ’t Veld JHJ, Backer Dirks O, de Stoppelaar JD (1978). Some bacteriological aspects of sugar substitutes. Health and sugar substitutes. In: Proc. ERGOB Conf., Geneva, 1978. Basel: Karger, pp. 192–198.

Holgerson PL, Sjöström I, Twetman S (2007). Decreased salivary uptake of (¹⁴C)-xylitol after a four-week xylitol chewing gum regimen. Oral Health Prev Dent 5: 313–319; erratum in Oral Health Prev Dent 6:81, 2008.

Isokangas P, Söderling E, Pienihäkkinen K, Alanen P (2000). Occurrence of dental decay in children after maternal consumption of xylitol chewing gum, a follow-up from 0 to 5 years of age. J Dent Res 79:1885–1889.

Loesche WJ, Grossman NS, Earnest R, Corpron R (1984). The effect of chewing xylitol gum on the plaque and saliva levels of Streptococcus mutans. J Am Dent Assoc 108:587–592.

Ly KA, Milgrom P, Rothen M (2006). Xylitol, sweeteners, and dental caries. Pediatr Dent 28:154–163.

Maguire A, Rugg-Gunn AJ (2003). Xylitol and caries prevention—is it a magic bullet? Br Dent J 194:429–436.

Mäkinen KK, Söderling E, Hurttia H, Lehtonen OP, Luukkala E (1985). Biochemical, microbiologic, and clinical comparisons between two dentifrices that contain different mixtures of sugar alcohols. J Am Dent Assoc 111:745–751.

Mäkinen KK, Söderling E, Isokangas P, Tenovuo J, Tiekso J (1989). Oral biochemical status and depression of Streptococcus mutans in children during 24- to 36-month use of xylitol chewing gum. Caries Res 23:261–267.

Mäkinen KK, Mäkinen P-L, Pape HR Jr, Peldyak J, Hujoel P, Isotupa KP, et al. (1996). Conclusion and review of the Michigan Xylitol Programme (1986–1995) for the prevention of dental caries. Int Dent J 46:22–34.

Mäkinen KK, Isotupa KP, Mäkinen P-L, Söderling E, Song KB, Nam SH, et al. (2005). Six-month polyol chewing-gum programme in kindergarten-age children: a feasibility study focusing on mutans streptococci and dental plaque. Int Dent J 55:81–88.

Merikallio MC, Söderling E (1995). Xylitol as a plaque-control agent in military conditions. Mil Med 160:256–258.

Milgrom P, Ly KA, Roberts MC, Rothen M, Mueller G, Yamaguchi DK (2006). Mutans streptococci dose response to xylitol chewing gum. J Dent Res 85:177–181.

Milgrom P, Ly KA, Rothen M (2009). Xylitol and its vehicles for public health needs. Adv Dent Res 21:44–47.

Miyasawa-Hori H, Aizawa S, Takahashi N (2006). Difference in the xylitol sensitivity of acid production among Streptococcus mutans strains and the biochemical mechanism. Oral Microbiol Immunol 21:201–205.

Söderling E, Alaräisänen L, Scheinin A, Mäkinen KK (1987). Effect of xylitol and sorbitol on polysaccharide production by and adhesive properties of Streptococcus mutans. Caries Res 21:109–116.

Söderling E, Isokangas P, Tenovuo J, Mustakallio S, Mäkinen KK (1991). Long-term xylitol consumption and mutans streptococci in plaque and saliva. Caries Res 25:153–157.

Söderling E, Trahan L, Tammiala-Salonen T, Häkkinen L (1997). Effects of xylitol, xylitol-sorbitol, and placebo chewing gums on the plaque of habitual xylitol consumers. Eur J Oral Sci 105:170–177.

Söderling E, Isokangas P, Pienihäkkinen K, Tenovuo J (2000). Influence of maternal xylitol consumption on acquisition of mutans streptococci by infants. J Dent Res 79:882–887.

Söderling E, Isokangas P, Pienihäkkinen K, Tenovuo J, Alanen P (2001). Influence of maternal xylitol consumption on mother-child transmission of mutans streptococci: 6-year follow-up. Caries Res 35:173–177.

Söderling EM, Ekman TC, Taipale TJ (2008). Growth inhibition of Streptococcus mutans with low xylitol concentrations. Curr Microbiol 56:382–385.

Taipale T, Pienihäkkinen K, Alanen P, Jokela J, Söderling E (2007). Dissolution of xylitol from a food supplement administered with a novel slow-release pacifier: preliminary results. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 8:123–125.

Tanzer JM, Thompson A, Wen ZT, Burne RA (2006). Streptococcus mutans: fructose transport, xylitol resistance, and virulence. J Dent Res 85: 369–373.

Thenisch NL, Bachman LM, Imfeld T, Leisebach Minder T, Steurer NL (2006). Are mutans streptococci detected in preschool children a reliable predictive factor for dental caries risk? A systematic review. Caries Res 40:366–374.

Thorild I, Lindau B, Twetman S (2006). Caries in 4-year-old children after maternal chewing of gums containing combinations of xylitol, sorbitol, chlorhexidine and fluoride. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 7:241–245.

Trahan L (1995). Xylitol: a review of its action on mutans streptococci and dental plaque—its clinical significance. Int Dent J 45(1 Suppl 1):77–92.

Trahan L, Söderling E, Dréan MF, Chevrier MC, Isokangas P (1992). Effect of xylitol consumption on the plaque-saliva distribution of mutans streptococci and the occurrence and long-term survival of xylitol-resistant strains. J Dent Res 71:1785–1791; erratum in J Dent Res 72:87–88, 1993.

Twetman S, Stecksén-Blicks C (2008). Probiotics and oral health effects in children. Int J Ped Dent 18:3–10.

Vadeboncoeur C, Trahan L, Mouton C, Mayrand D (1983). Effect of xylitol on the growth and glycolysis of acidogenic oral bacteria. J Dent Res 62:882–884.