Surgical training has traditionally involved a lengthy apprenticeship to a series of master surgeons, who teach medical students and residents the techniques of surgery while allowing them to work on patients in the operating room. This article examines surgical training as a structured environment that prepares students for the embodied lessons taught by a surgeon. It argues that even the most seemingly mechanical of surgical techniques contains social lessons when taught by a surgeon within the rich environment of the operating room.
Associated Press.2002. Work rules set for medical residents. June 12.
2.
Bosk, C.L.1979. Forgive and remember: Managing medical failure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3.
Bourdieu, P.1977. Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge , UK: Cambridge University.
4.
Cassell, J.1991. Expected miracles: Surgeons at work. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
5.
——. 1998. The woman in the surgeon's body. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
6.
Collins, H.M.1985. Changing order: Replication and induction in scientific practice. London: Sage.
7.
——. 1994. Dissecting surgery: Forms of life depersonalized. Social Studies of Science24 (2): 311-33.
8.
Collins, H.M., G.H. DeVries, and W.E. Bijker.1997. Ways of going on: An analysis of skill applied to medical practice. Science, Technology, & Human Values22 (3): 267-85.
9.
Dreyfus, H.1992. What computers still can't do: A critique of artificial reason. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press .
10.
Deleuze, G.Postscript on the societies of control. October 59, Winter 1992, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
11.
Fox, R.1957. Training for uncertainty. In The student-physician: Introductory studies in the sociology of medical education, edited by R. K. Merton, G. G. Reader, and P. L. Kendall, 207-41. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
12.
Fox, R.C., and J.P. Swazey.1992. Spare parts: Organ replacement in American society. New York: Oxford University Press.
13.
Goffman, E.1961. Encounters: Two studies in the sociology of interaction . Indianapolis, IN: The Bobbs-Merrill Co.
14.
Good, B.J.1994. Medicine, rationality, and experience. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
15.
Good, M.-J.D.1995. American medicine: The quest for competence. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
16.
Hafferty, F.W.1988. Cadaver stories and the emotional socialization of medical students. Journal of Health and Social Behavior29: 344-56.
17.
Hafferty, F.W. and R. Franks.1994. The hidden curriculum, ethics teaching, and the structure of medical education. Academic Medicine69(11): 861-71.
18.
Haraway, D.1991. Simians, cyborgs, and women: The reinvention of nature . New York: Routledge.
19.
Heidegger, M.1996. Being and time. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
20.
Hirschauer, S.1991. The manufacture of bodies in surgery. Social Studies of Science21: 279-319.
21.
——. 1994. Towards a methodology of investigation into the strangeness of one's own culture: A response to Collins. Social Studies of Science24 (2): 335-46.
22.
Hutchins, E.1993. Learning to navigate. In Understanding practice: Perspectives on activity and context, edited by S. Chaiklin and J. Lave, 35-63. Cambridge , UK: Cambridge University Press.
23.
Institute of Medicine.2000. To err is human. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
24.
Johnson, E.2004. Situating simulators: The integration of simulators in medical practice. Lund, Sweden: Archiv Forlag.
25.
——. Forthcoming. Specifying the participation of simulator practice: Reconstituting bodies and techniques. Social Studies of Science.
26.
Katz, J.1984. The silent world of doctor and patient. New York: The Free Press.
27.
Katz, P.1999. The scalpel's edge: The culture of surgeons. Boston: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon.
28.
Knorr Cetina, K.2000. Epistemic cultures: How the sciences make knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
29.
Latour, B.2004. How to talk about the body? The normative dimension of science studies. Body & Society10: 205-29.
30.
Lave, J., and E. Wenger.1991. Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press .
31.
Levi-Strauss, C.1973. Tristes tropiques. New York: Penguin.
32.
Ludmerer, K.1999. Time to heal: American medical education from the turn of the century to the era of managed care. New York: Oxford University Press.
33.
Lynch, M.1994. Collins, Hirschauer and Winch: Ethnography, exoticism, surgery, antisepsis and dehorsification. Social Studies of Science24 (2): 354-69.
34.
Mol, A.2002. The body multiple: Ontology in medical practice. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
35.
Moreira, T.2004. Coordination and embodiment in the operating room. Body & Society10: 109-29.
36.
Pinch, T.J., H.M. Collins, andL. Carbone.1996. Inside knowledge: Second order measures of skill. The Sociological Review44(2):163-86.
37.
Polanyi, M.1962. Personal knowledge: Towards a post-critical philosophy . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
38.
——. 1966. The tacit dimension. Garden City, NY : Doubleday & Company.
39.
Prentice, R.2005. The anatomy of a surgical simulation: The mutual articulation of bodies in and through the machine. Social Studies of Science35 (6): 837-66.
40.
Schlich, T.2007. The art and science of surgery. Science, Technology, & Human Values32 (1): 65-87.
41.
Scott, J.C.1998. Seeing like a state. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press.
42.
Starr, P.1982. The social transformation of American medicine. New York: Basic Books.
43.
Suchman, L.1987. Plans and situated actions: The problem of human-machine communication. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
44.
Warwick, A., and D. Kaiser.2005. Conclusion: Kuhn, Foucault, and the power of pedagogy. In Pedagogy and the practice of science , edited by D. Kaiser, 393-409. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
45.
Woodgate, D.2006. Taking things apart: Ovario-Hysterectomy—Textbook knowledge and actual practice in veterinary surgery. Social Studies of Science36: 367-97.
46.
Young, K.1997. Presence in the flesh: The body in medicine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
