The author revisits earlier discussions of the importance of the development of the individual for a democratic society, looking in particular at the "pragmatic utopianism" of John Dewey. The article proceeds from a view of personal growth, subjectivity, and communal relations that challenges the class stratification brought about by capitalist forces that serve to undermine an individual's democratic agency. The author explores the role and function of the individual in educational policy in the hope that such an examination will broaden theories and analyses of the role of class in educational policy.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Ambler, J. S.
, & Neatherly, J. (1999). Education policy and equality: Some evidence from Europe. Social Science Quarterly, 80(3), 437-456.
2.
Apple, M. W.
(1979). Ideology and curriculum. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.
3.
Apple, M. W.
(1996). Cultural politics and education. New York: Teachers College Press.
4.
Bailey, T.
, & Gribovskaya, A. (1999). Reassessing a decade of reform: Workforce development and the changing economy. Berkeley, CA: National Center for Research in Vocational Education.
5.
Brosio, R. A.
(1994). A radical democratic critique of capitalist education. New York: Peter Lang.
6.
Carnoy, M.
, & Levin, H. (1985). Schooling and work in the democratic state. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
7.
Coleman, J. S.
(1966). On equality of educational opportunity. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education.
8.
Delci, M.
, & Stern, D. (1999). Who participates in new vocational programs? A preliminary analysis of student data from NLSY97. Berkeley, CA: National Center for Research in Vocational Education.
9.
Dewey, J.
(1888). The ethics of democracy (The University of Michigan Philosophical Papers). Ann Arbor, MI: Andrews & Company.
10.
Dewey, J.
(1922). Human nature and conduct: An introduction to social psychology. New York: Henry Holt.
11.
Dewey, J.
(1937). Democracy and educational administration. School and Society, 45(1162), 457-462.
12.
Dewey, J.
(1939). Freedom and culture. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
13.
Dewey, J.
(1944). Democracy and education. New York: Free Press. (Original work published 1916)
14.
Dewey, J.
(1948). Reconstruction in philosophy. Boston: Beacon.
15.
Dewey, J.
(1958). Experience and nature. New York: Dover. (Original work published 1925)
16.
Dewey, J.
(1960). On experience, nature, and freedom: Representative selections (R. J. Bernstein, Ed.). New York: Liberal Arts Press.
17.
Dewey, J.
(1976a). Creative democracy: The task before us. In J. Boydston (Ed.), John Dewey: The later works, 1925-1953, volume 14 (pp. 224-230). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. (Original work published 1939)
18.
Dewey, J.
(1976b). Culture and industry in education. In J. Boydston (Ed.), John Dewey: The middle works, 1903-1906, volume 3 (pp. 285-293). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. (Original work published 1906)
19.
Dewey, J.
(1976c). Education vs. trade-training: Reply to David Snedden. In J. Boydston (Ed.), John Dewey: The later works, 1925-1953, volume 8 (pp. 411-413). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. (Original work published 1915)
20.
Dewey, J.
(1976d). The future of liberalism. In J. Boydston (Ed.), John Dewey: The later works, 1925-1953, volume 11 (pp.258-260). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. (Original work published 1935)
21.
Dewey, J.
(1976e). I believe. In J. Boydston (Ed.), John Dewey: The later works, 1925-1953, volume 14 (pp. 91-97). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. (Original work published 1939)
22.
Dewey, J.
(1976f). Some dangers in the present movement for industrial education. In J. Boydston (Ed.), John Dewey: The later works, 1925-1953, volume 7 (pp. 98-103). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. (Original work published 1913)
23.
Dewey, J.
(1984). Time and individuality. In J. Boydston (Ed.), John Dewey: The later works, 1925-1953, volume 14, 1939-1941 (pp. 98-114). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. (Original work published 1940)
24.
Dewey, J.
(1999). Individualism, old and new. Amherst, NY: Prometheus. (Original work published 1930)
25.
Dewey, J.
, & Tufts, J. H. (1909). Ethics. New York: Henry Holt.
26.
Dews, C.L.B.
, & Law, C. L. (1995). This fine place so far from home: Voices of academics from the working class. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
27.
Dorn, S.
(1998). Political legacy of school accountability systems. Educational Policy Analysis Archives [Online], 6(1). Available: http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa
28.
Giroux, H. A.
(1992). Pedagogy and the politics of hope: Theory, culture and schooling. Boulder, CO: Westview.
29.
Gladieux, L. E.
, & King, J. E. (1999). The federal government and higher education. In P. G. Altbach, R. O. Berdahl, & P. J. Gumport (Eds.), American higher education in the twenty-first century (pp. 151-182). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
30.
Goodlad, J.
(1984). A place called school: Prospects for the future. New York: McGraw-Hill.
31.
Haney, W.
(2000). The myth of the Texas miracle in education. Education Policy Analysis Archives [Online]. Available: http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v8n41/
32.
Heintz, J.
, & Folbre, N. (2000). The ultimate field guide to the U.S. economy: A compact and irreverent guide to economic life in America. New York: New Press.
33.
hooks, b.
(1989). Talking back: Talking feminist, talking black. Boston: South End.
34.
House, E. R.
(1999). Race and policy. Educational Policy Analysis Archives [Online], 7(16). Available: http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa
35.
Institute for Higher Education Policy.
(1999). Cost, price, and public policy: Peering into the higher education black box [Online]. Available: http://www.ihep.comlpub.htm
36.
Katz, M. B.
(1975). Class bureaucracy and schools. New York: Praeger.
37.
Kincheloe, J. L.
(1999). How do we tell the workers? The socio-economic foundations of work and vocational education. Boulder, CO: Westview.
38.
Kozol, J.
(1992). Savage inequalities: Children in American's schools. New York: HarperPerennial.
39.
Mallery, J. L.
, & Mallery, J. G. (1999). The American legacy of ability grouping: Tracking reconsidered. Multicultural Education, 7(1), 13-15.
40.
Martin, J. R.
(1985). Reclaiming a conversation: The ideal of the educated woman. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
41.
Martínez Alemán, A. M.
(1994). Can feminist educational theorists reappropriate John Dewey's philosophy? Teaching and Learning: The Journal of Natural Inquiry, 8(2), 40-47.
42.
Martínez Alemán, A. M.
(1999). ,Qué culpa tengo yo? Performing identity and college teaching. Educational Theory, 49(1), 37-51.
43.
Martínez Alemán, A. M.
(2001). Community, higher education and the challenge of multiculturalism. Teachers College Record, 103(3), 485-503.
44.
Martínez Alemán, A. M.
(in press-a). Identity, feminist teaching, and John Dewey. In C. H. Seigfried & N. Tuana (Eds.), Feminist interpretations of John Dewey. College Station: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
45.
Martínez Alemán, A. M.
, & Salkever, K. (2001). Multiculturalism and the mission of liberal education. Journal of General Education, 20(1).
46.
McLaren, P.
(1997). Revolutionary multiculturalism: Pedagogies of dissent for the new millennium. Boulder, CO: Westview.
47.
McLaren, P.
, & Farahmandpur, R. (1999, June). Critical pedagogy, postmodernism, and the retreat from class: Toward a contraband pedagogy. Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, 93, 83-115.
48.
More, T.
(1995). Utopia (G. M. Logan, R. M. Adams, & C. H. Miller, Eds.). New York: Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1516)
49.
Murphy, A. M.
(2001). Keeping score. Boston College Magazine, 61(1), 49-59.
50.
Newman, J. W.
(1996). Socioeconomic class and education: In what ways does class affect the educational process? In J. L. Kincheloe & S. R. Steinberg (Eds.), Thirteen questions: Reframing education's conversation (pp. 193-204). New York: Peter Lang.
51.
Oakes, J.
(1985). Keeping track: How schools structure inequality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
52.
Oakes, J.
(1992a, May). Can tracking research inform practice? Educational Researcher, 12-21.
53.
Oakes, J.
(1992b). Educational matchmaking: Academic and vocational tracking in comprehensive high schools. Berkeley, CA: National Center for Research in Vocational Education.
54.
Pullin, D. C.
(1994). Learning to work: The impact of curriculum and assessment standards on educational opportunity. Harvard Educational Review, 64(1), 31-54.
55.
Rodriguez, R.
(1982). Hunger of memory: The education of Richard Rodriquez. Boston: Bantam.
56.
Romo, H.
(1998). Tracking programs derail minority and disadvantaged students' success. Community College Journal, 69(3), 12-17.
57.
Rorty, R.
(1998). Truth and progress: Philosophical papers, volume 3. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
58.
Shade, P.
(2001). Habits of hope: A pragmatic theory. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
59.
Spring, J.
(1996). American education (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
60.
Steinberg, S. R.
(1995). Critical multiculturalism and democratic schooling: An interview with Peter L. McLaren and Joe Kincheloe. In C. E. Sleeter & P. L. McLaren, (Eds.), Multicultural education, critical pedagogy and the politics of difference (pp. 129-154). Albany: State University of New York Press.
61.
Studer, S. C.
(1998). Smith-Hughes Act. In L. Eisenmann, Historical dictionary of women's education in the United States (pp. 383-385). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
62.
Taylor, F. W.
(1967). The principles of scientific management. New York: Norton. (Original work published 1911)
63.
U.S. Census Bureau.
(1999, March). Average 1998 earnings by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, for all workers, ages 18 and over (Current Population Survey). Washington, DC: Author.
64.
U.S. Census Bureau.
(2000). Poverty in the United States, 1999. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration.
65.
Werum, R.
(1999). Elite control in state and nation: Racial inequalities in vocational funding in North Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi, 1918-1936. Social Forces, 78(1), 145-186.
66.
Westbrook, R. B.
(1991). John Dewey and American democracy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
67.
Wise, A.
(1979). Legislated learning. Berkeley: University of California Press.
68.
Youn, T.
, Arnold, K. D., & Salkever, K. (1998, November). Baccalaureate origins and career attainments of American Rhodes scholars: A test of cultural capital theory. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Miami, Florida.
