This study investigated the influence of background variables (age, race/ethnicity, mother’s work status outside of the home, and socioeconomic status), personal variables (anticipatory role conflict and academic self-efficacy), and environmental variables (parental attachment and parental support) on aspects of adolescent girls’ career planning. Four hierarchical regression analyses were performed with a sample of 217 adolescent females in an urban high school. The dependent variables representing aspects of future career planning were (a) plans for the integration of work and family; (b) gender-traditionality of career choice; (c) career commitment; and (d) aspired education level. Personal variables made the greatest contribution to adolescent girls’ plans for the integration of work and family and career commitment. Background variables contributed most to gender-traditionality of career choice and aspired education level. Environmental variables did not make significant contributions to any of the dependent variables. Results and implications for counselors and educators are discussed.
Alliman-BrisettA. E.TurnerS. L.SkovholtT. M. (2004). Parent support and African American adolescents’ career self-efficacy. ProfessionalSchool Counseling, 7, 124–132.
2.
ArmsdenG. C.GreenbergM. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 427–454.
3.
BanduraA. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.
4.
BanduraA. (1978). The self system in reciprocal determinism. American Psychologist, 33, 344–358.
5.
BanduraA. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
6.
BanduraA.BarbaranelliC.CapraraG.PastorelliC (2001). Self-efficacy beliefs as shapers of children’s aspirations and career trajectories. Child Development, 72, 187–206.
7.
BetzN. E. (2004). Women’s career development. In BrownS. D.LentR. W. (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 253–277). New York, NY: John Wiley.
8.
BetzN. E.FitzgeraldL. F. (1987). The career psychology of women. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
9.
BlusteinD. L.ChavesA. P.DiemerM. A.GallagherL. A.MarshallK. G.SelcukS.BhatiK. S. (2002). Voices of the forgotten half: The role of social class in the school-to-work transition. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 311–323.
10.
BohannonJ. R.BlantonP. W. (1999). Gender role attitudes of American mothers and daughters over time. Journal of Social Psychology, 139, 173–179.
11.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (2008). Women in the labor force: A databook. 2008 occupational Employment Statistics. Retrieved December 2010, fromhttp://www.bls.gov.
12.
CiabattariT. (2007). Single mothers, social capital, and work-family conflict. Journal ofFamily Issues, 28, 34–60.
13.
CloseW.SolbergS. (2008). Predicting achievement, distress and retention among lower- income Latino youth. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 31–42.
14.
ChemersM.HuL.GarciaB. (2001). Academic self-efficacy and first year college student performance and adjustment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93, 55–64.
15.
ChemersM. M.ZurbriggenE. L.SyedM.GozaB. K.BearmanS. (2011). The role of efficacy and identity in science career commitment among under represented minority students. Journal of Social Issues, 67, 469–491.
16.
CohenJ. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159.
17.
ConstantineM. G.WallaceB. C.KindaichiM. M. (2005). Examining contextual factors in the career decision status of African-American adolescents. Journal of Career Assessment, 13, 307–319.
18.
DayA. L.ChamberlainT. C. (2005). Committing to your work, spouse, and children: Implications for work family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 116–130.
19.
FarmerH. S. (1985). Model of career and achievement motivation for women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 363–390.
20.
FarmerH. S. (1997). Women's motivation related to mastery, career salience, and career aspiration: A multivariate model focusing on the effects of sex role socialization. Journal of Career Assessment, 5, 355–381.
21.
FassingerR. E.O’BrienK. M. (2000). Career counseling with college women: A scientist-practitioner-advocate model of intervention. In: LuzzoD. A. (Ed.), Career counseling of college students: An empirical guide to strategies that work (pp. 253–266). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
22.
FaulF.ErdfelderE.BuchnerA.LangA. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavioral Research Methods, 41, 1149–1160.
23.
FouadN. A.Byars-WinstonA. M. (2005). Cultural context of career choice: A meta-analysis of race/ethnicity differences. Career Development Quarterly, 53, 223–233.
24.
FouadN. A.SmithP. L. (1996). A test of a social cognitive model for middle school students: Math and science. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 338–346.
25.
FriedmanS. R.WeissbrodC. S. (2005). Work and family commitment and decision- making status among emerging adults. Sex Roles, 53, 317–325.
26.
GilbertL. A.DancerS.RossmanK. M.ThornB. L. (1991). Assessing perceptions of occupational-family integration. Sex Roles, 24, 107–199.
27.
GoreP. A. (2006). Academic self-efficacy as a predictor of college outcomes: Two incremental validity studies. Journal of Career Assessment, 14, 92–115.
28.
HallettM. B.GilbertL. A. (1997). Variables differentiating university women considering role-sharing and conventional dual-career marriages. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 308–322.
29.
HoffnungM. (2004). Wanting it all: Career, marriage, and motherhood during college-educated women’s 20’s. Sex Roles, 50, 711–723.
30.
KellerB. K.WhistonS. C. (2004). The influences of the family of origin on career development: A review and analysis. Counseling Psychologist, 32, 493–568.
31.
KennyM. E.BlusteinD. L.ChavesA.GrossmanJ. M.GallagherL. A. (2003). The role of perceived barriers and relational support in the educational and vocational lives of urban high school students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 142–155.
32.
KettersonT. U.BlusteinD. L. (1997). Attachment relationships and the career exploration process. Career Development Quarterly, 46, 167–178.
33.
LapanR. T.HinkelmanJ. M.AdamsA. (1999). Understanding rural adolescents' interests, values, and efficacy expectations. Journal of Career Development, 26, 107–124.
34.
LeungS. A. (1995). Career development and counseling: A multicultural perspective. In PonterottoJ.G.CasasJ. M.SuzukiL. A.AlexanderC. M. (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling(pp. 549–566). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
35.
LuzzoD. A.McWhirterE. H. (2001). Sex and ethnic differences in the perception of educational and career related barriers and levels of coping efficacy. Journal of Counseling & Development, 79, 61–67.
36.
MauW. (2003). Factors that influence persistence in science and engineering career aspirations. Career Development Quarterly, 51, 234–244.
37.
McWhirterE. H. (1997). Perceived barriers to education and career: Ethnic and gender differences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 124–140.
38.
McWhirterE. H.HackettG.BandolosD. L. (1998). A causal model of the educational plans and career expectations of Mexican American high school girls. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 166–181.
39.
McWhirterE. H.TorresD. M.SalgadoS.ValdezM. (2007). Perceived barriers and postsecondary plans in Mexican American and White adolescents. Journal of CareerAssessment, 15, 119–138.
40.
NautaM. M.EppersonD. L.KahnJ. H. (1998). A multiple-groups analysis of predictors of higher level career aspirations among women in mathematics, science, and engineering majors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 483–496.
41.
O'BrienK. M. (1996). The influence of psychological separation and parental attachment on the career development of adolescent women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48, 257–274.
42.
O’BrienK. M.FriedmanS. M.TiptonL. C.LinnS. G. (2000). Attachment, separation, and women’s vocational development: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of CounselingPsychology, 47, 301–315.
43.
PerroneK. M.SedlacekW. E.AlexanderC. M. (2001). Gender and ethnic differences in career goal attainment. Career Development Quarterly, 50, 168–178.
44.
PerroneK. M.WebbL. K.BlalockR. H. (2005). The effects of role congruence and role conflict on work, marital and life satisfaction. Journal of Career Development, 31, 225–238.
45.
PedhazurE.J. (1997). Multiple regression in behavioral research (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
46.
RaineyL. M.BordersD. L. (1997). Influential factors in career orientation and career aspiration of early adolescent girls. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 160–172.
47.
SavickasM. L. (2002). Career construction: A developmental theory of vocational behavior. In BrownD. (Ed.), Career choice and development (4th ed., pp. 149–205). San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
48.
SchaefersK. G.EppersonD. LNautaM. M. (1997). Women’s career development: Can theoretically derived variables predict persistence in engineering majors?Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 173–183.
49.
SchunkD. H. (1991). Self-efficacy and academic motivation. Educational Psychologist, 26, 207–231.
50.
SolbergV. S. (1999). ASIP Report for South Division High School (Unpublished Report).
51.
TabachnickB. G.FidellL. S. (2006). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
52.
TrustyJ.RobinsonC. R.PlataM.NgK. (2000). Effects of gender, socioeconomic status, and early academic performance on postsecondary educational choice. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78, 463–472.
53.
TurnerS.LapanR. T. (2002). Career self-efficacy and perceptions of parent support in adolescent career development. Career Development Quarterly, 51, 44–56.
54.
TurnerS. L.Alliman-BrisettA.LapanR. T.UdipiS.ErgunD. (2003). The career- related parent support scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 36, 83–94.
WeitzmanL. M.FitzgeraldL. F. (1996). The development and initial validation of scales to assess attitudes toward multiple role planning. Journal of Career Assessment, 4, 269–284.
57.
WetterstenK. B.GuilminoA.HerrickC. G. (2005). Predicting educational and vocational attitudes among rural high school students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 658–663.
