This article addresses the distinctive aspects of career development of people from the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The ecological model of career development is applied to understanding how political changes can influence the career trajectories of individuals within a culture. The role of the political, social, familial, and educational influences on the world of work is examined for the USSR and post-Soviet times. Special focus is given to immigrants from the former USSR, and suggestions for practitioners who are working with individuals and families are provided.
Blejer, M.I., Calvo, G.A., Coricelli, F., & Gelb, A.H. (1993). Eastern Europe in transition: From recession to growth?Proceedings of a conference on the macroeconomic aspects of adjustment. Washington, DC: World Bank.
2.
Broadman, H.G. (2004). Global economic integration: Prospects for WTO accession and continued Russian reforms. Washington Quarterly , 27, 79-98.
3.
Broadman, H. G. (Ed.). (2005). From disintegration to reintegration: Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union in the international trade. Washington, DC: World Bank.
4.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
5.
Busygin, V. (1991). How many people are deprived of work in the USSR?Soviet Review, 32, 55-61.
6.
Camarota, S.A., & McArdle, N. (2003). Where immigrants live. Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies. Retrieved July 14, 2006, from www.cis.org/articles/2003/back1203.pdf
7.
Conquest, R. (1986). The harvest of sorrows: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine. New York: Oxford University Press.
8.
Cook, E.P., Heppner, M.J., & O'Brien, K.M. (2002). Career development of women of color and White women: Assumptions, conceptualization, and interventions from ecological perspective . Career Development Quarterly, 50, 291-305.
9.
Flores, L.Y., Scott, A.B., Wang, Y.W., Yakushko, O., McCloskey, C.M., Spencer, K.G., et al. (2003). Annual review: Practice and research in career counseling and development—2002. Career Development Quarterly, 52, 98-131.
10.
Getty, J.R. (2003). “Excesses are not permitted”: Mass terror and Stalin governance in the late 1930s. Russian Reviews , 61, 113-138.
11.
Goldman, W. (2005,). Stalinist terror and democracy: 1937 Union campaign . American Historical Review, 1427-1453.
12.
Kanter, R.M. (1989). Careers and the wealth of nations: A macroperspective on structure and implementation of career forms. In M. B. Arthur, D. T., Hall, & B. S. Lawrence (Eds.), Handbook of career theory (pp. 506-521). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
13.
Konkov, F. (2001). Russia: Emptiness within. In J. D. Lindy, R. E. Lifton , & R. Jay (Eds.), Beyond invisible walls: The psychological legacy of Soviet trauma (pp. 120-139). San Francisco: Brunner-Routledge.
14.
Kramer, M. (2003). Special issue: The collapse of the Soviet Union (Part I): Introduction. Journal of Cold War Studies, 5, 3-16.
15.
Kutsenko, V.A. (1990). The socio-occupational self-determination of school students. Soviet Education, 32, 66-82.
16.
Lee, G., & Westwood, M.J. (1996). Cross-cultural adjustment issues faced by immigrant professionals. Journal of Employment Counseling, 33, 29-42.
17.
Lent, R.W., Brown, S.D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 79-122.
18.
Linn, J.F. (2004, September). Economic (dis)integration matters: The Soviet collapse revisited. Paper presented at the Academy for National Economy Conference on “Transition in the CIS: Achievements and Challenges,” Moscow, Russia.
19.
Machula, C.S. (1989). The Soviet school reforms of 1984: Making career development a matter of state control. Career Development Quarterly, 38, 39-56.
20.
Malofeev, N.N. (1998). Social education in Russia: Historical aspects . Journal of Learning Disabilities, 31, 181-185.
21.
O'Brien, D. J., Patsiorkovski, V. V., Dershem, L. D., Bonanno, A., & Timberlake, C. (Eds.). (1998). Services and quality of life in rural villages in the former Soviet Union: Data from 1991 and 1993 surveys. New York: University Press of America.
22.
Osipow, S.H. (1973). Theories of career development. Englewood, NJ: Prentice Hall.
23.
Parker, M. (1993). Career and employment counseling with Soviet Jewish immigrants: Issues and recommendations. Journal of Employment Counseling, 28, 157-166.
24.
Popov, V.P., & Wessell, N.H. (1994). State terror in Soviet Russia, 1923-1953. Russian Social Science Review, 35, 1061-1428.
25.
Rubchak, M.J. (1996). Christian virgin or pagan goddess: Feminism versus the eternally feminine in Ukraine. In R. Marsh (Ed.), Women in Russia and Ukraine (pp. 315-330). New York: Cambridge University Press.
26.
Rubchak, M.J. (2000). Engendering a feminist identity: Women's movement to feminism. Journal of Women'sHistory, 12, 212-214.
27.
Rutkowski, J.J., & Scarpetta, S. (2005). Enhancing employment opportunities: Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Washington, DC: World Bank.
28.
Shlapentock, V. (1988). Worker's involvement in the Soviet Union. Work and Occupation, 15, 449-467.
29.
Skorikov, V., & Vondracek, F.W. (1993). Career development in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Career Development Quarterly , 41, 314-329.
30.
Solzhenitsyn, A. (1973). The GULAG Archipelago: An experiment in literary investigation, 1918 — 1953. New York: Penguin.
31.
Standing, G. (1991). Wages and the work motivation in the Soviet Union labour market. International Labor Review, 130, 237-255.
32.
Teckenberg, W. (1989). The stability of occupation structure, social mobility, and interest formation: The USSR. International Journal of Sociology, 19, 28-75.
33.
World Bank. (2006a). Europe and Central Asia: Enhancing employment opportunities. Retrieved June 6, 2006, from http://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/externa/countries/ecaex t
34.
World Bank. (2006b). Europe and Central Asia: Focus on gender. Retrieved June 6, 2006, from http://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/externa/countries/ecaext/extecaregtopgender
35.
World Bank. (n.d.). Country profiles. Available at http://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/countries/0,,pagepk:180619~thesitepk:136917,00.html
36.
Yakushko, O. (2005). Mental health counseling in Ukraine. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 27, 161-167.
37.
Yakushko, O. (2006). Career development of immigrant women. In W. B. Walsh & M. J. Heppner (Eds.), Handbook of career counseling for women (pp. 387-426). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
38.
Yakushko, O., & Razzhavaikina, T. (in press). Counseling international students from former USSR. In H. D. Singaravelu & M. Pope (Eds.), Counseling international students. Washington, DC: American Counseling Association.
39.
Yost, A.D., & Lucas, M.S. (2002). Adjustment issues affecting employment for immigrants from the former Soviet Union. Journal of Employment Counseling , 39, 153-170.
40.
Zabrodin, Y., & Watts, A.G. (2003). Public policies and career development: A framework for the design of career information, guidance, and counseling services in developing and transition countries. Washington, DC: World Bank.
