In this article, 25 years of organization science research on work—family is summarized, and its implications for building the human, social, and economic elements of family capital in family business are developed. The impact of work—family conflict; sex and gender roles; role enrichment; work—family benefits, programs, and policies; and work, job, and organization redesign are emphasized. A social systems model of environment—environment fit—work—family fit—is developed. Implications for future research and for investing in family capital are discussed.
Adams, G.A., King L. A., & King, D.W. ( 1996). Relationships of job and family involvement, family social support, and work-family conflict with job and life satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 411-420.
2.
Allen, T.D. ( 2001). Family-supportive work environments: The role of organizational perceptions. Journal of Vocational Behavior , 58, 414-435.
3.
Barnett, R.C. ( 1998). Toward a review and reconceptualization of the work/family literature. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs , 124, 125-182.
4.
Barnett, R.C., & Hyde, J.S. ( 2001). Women, men, work, and family: An expansionist theory . American Psychologist, 56, 781-796.
5.
Basco, R., & Rodriquez, M.J.P. (2009) Studying the family enterprise holistically: Evidence for integrated family and business systemsFamily Business Review, 22, 82-95.
6.
Bielby, W.T., & Bielby, D.D. ( 1989). Family ties: Balancing commitments to work and family in dual earner households. American Sociological Review , 54, 776-789.
7.
Björnberg, Å., & Nicholson, N. ( 2007). The family climate scales- Development of a new measure for use in family business research. Family Business Review , 10, 229-246.
8.
Caputo, R.K. ( 2000). Race and marital history as correlates of women’s access to family-friendly employee benefits. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 21, 365-385.
9.
Carlson, D.S., Kacmar, K.M., Wayne, J.H., & Grzywacz, J.G. (2006). Measuring the positive side of the work-family interface: Development and validation of a work-family enrichment scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 131-164.
10.
Chatman, J.A. ( 1989). Improving interaction organizational research: A model of person-organization fit. Academy of Management Review, 14, 333-349.
11.
Cleveland, J.N. ( 2005). What is success? Who defines it? Perspectives on the criterion problem as it relates to work and family. In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives (pp. 319-345). Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum.
12.
Cohen, S., & Wills, T.A. ( 1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis . Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357.
13.
Collinson, D., & Hearn, J. ( 1994). Naming men as men: Implications for work, organization and management. Gender, Work, and Organization, 1, 2-22.
14.
Cooper, M. ( 2000). Being the "go-to guy": Fatherhood, masculinity, and the organization of work in Silicon Valley. Qualitative Sociology , 23, 379-405.
15.
Curimbaba, F. ( 2002). The dynamics of women’s roles as family business managers. Family Business Review, 15, 239-252.
16.
Danes, S.M., & Olson, P.D. ( 2003). Women’s role involvement in family business, business tensions, and business success. Family Business Review , 16, 53-68.
17.
Danes, S.M., Stafford, K., Haynes, G., & Amarapurkar, S. (2009). Family capital of family firms: Bridging human, social, and financial capital. Family Business Review. 22, 199-215.
18.
Dawis, R.V., & Lofquist, L.H. (1984). A psychological theory of work adjustment. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
19.
Den Dulk, L. ( 2005). Workplace work-family arrangements: A study and explanatory framework of differences between organizational provisions in different welfare states. In S. A. Y. Poelmans (Ed.), Work and family: An international research perspective (pp. 211-238). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
20.
Denison, D., Lief, C., & Ward, J.L. ( 2004). Culture in family-owned enterprises: Recognizing and leveraging unique strengths. Family Business Review, 17, 61-70.
21.
Dickson, C. ( 2008, April). Discrimination against mothers. Presentation at the Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP), San Francisco.
22.
Distelberg, B., & Sorenson, R.L. (2009). Updating system concepts in family business: A focus on values, resource flows, and adaptability. Family Business Review, 22, 65-81.
23.
Duxbury, L.E., & Higgins, C.A. ( 1991). Gender differences in work- family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 60-74.
24.
Eagly, A.H., & Carli, L.L. ( 2007). Women and the labyrinth of leadership. Harvard Business Review, 85(9), 63-71.
25.
Edwards, J.R., & Rothbard, N.P. (2005). Work and family stress and well-being: An integrative model of person-environment fit within and between the work and family domains. In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives (pp. 211-242). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
26.
Fletcher, J.K., & Bailyn, L. ( 2005). The equity imperative: Redesigning work for work-family integration. In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives (pp. 171-189). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
27.
Ford, M.T., Heinen, B.A., & Langkamer, K.L. (2007). Work and family satisfaction and conflict: A meta-analysis of cross-domain relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 57-80.
28.
Friedman, S.D., & Greenhaus, J.H. (2000). Work and family: Allies or enemies?New York: Oxford University Press.
29.
Frone, M.R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M.L. ( 1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology , 77, 65-78.
30.
Ganster, D.C., Fusilier, M.R., & Mayes, B.T. ( 1986). Role of social support in the experience of stress at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 102-110.
31.
Gordon, J.R., Whelan-Berry, K.S., & Hamilton, E.A. (2007). The relationship among work-family conflict and enhancement, organizational work-family culture, and work outcomes for older working women. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 350-364.
32.
Grandey, A.A., Cordeiro, B.L., & Michael, J.H. ( 2007). Work-family supportiveness organizational perceptions: Important for the well-being of male blue-collar hourly workers? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71, 460-478.
33.
Greenhaus, J.H., & Beutell, N.J. ( 1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles . Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88.
34.
Grover, S.L. ( 1991). Predicting the perceived fairness of parental leave policies . Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 247-255.
35.
Grzywacz, J.G., Carlson, D.S., Kacmar, K.M., & Wayne, J.H. ( 2007). A multi-level perspective on the synergies between work and family. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 80, 559-574.
36.
Hackett, R.D., Bycio, P., & Guion, R.M. ( 1989). Absenteeism among hospital nurses: An ideographic-longitudinal analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 424-453.
37.
Hackman, J.R., & Oldham, G.R. ( 1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 16, 250-279.
38.
Hanson, G.C., Hammer L. B., & Colton, C.L. ( 2006). Development and validation of a multidimensional scale of perceived work-family positive spillover. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11, 249-265.
39.
Hochschild, A. ( 1989). The second shift. New York : Viking.
40.
Hoffman, J., Hoelscher, M., & Sorenson, R. ( 2006). Achieving sustained competitive advantage: A family capital theory. Family Business Review, 9, 135-145.
41.
Holland, J.L. ( 1985). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
42.
Jurges, H. ( 2006). Gender ideology, division of housework, and the geographic mobility of families. Review of Economics of the Household , 4, 299-323.
43.
Karofsky, P. I., Millen, R., Yilmaz, M. R., Smyrnios, K. X., Tanewski, G. A., & Romano, C. A. (2001). Work-family conflict and emotional well-being in American family businesses . Family Business Review, 14, 313-324.
44.
Kaslow, F.W., & Kaslow, S. ( 1992). The family that works together: Special problems of family business. In S. Zedeck (Ed.), Work, families and organizations (pp. 312-361). San Francisco : Jossey-Bass.
45.
Kirchmeyer, C. ( 1992). Nonwork participation and work attitudes: A test of scarcity vs. expansion models of personal resources. Human Relations , 45, 775-795.
46.
Kopelman, R.E., Greenhaus, J.H., & Connolly, T.F. (1983). A model of work, family, and interrole conflict: A construct validation study. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 32, 198-215.
47.
Kossek, E. E., & Lambert, S. J. (Eds.). (2005). Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
48.
Kossek, E.E., & Nichol, V. ( 1992). The effects of on-site child care on employee attitudes and performance. Personnel Psychology, 45, 485-509.
49.
Kristof, A.L. ( 1996). Person-organization fit: An integrative review of its conceptualizations, measurement, and implication. Personnel Psychology, 49, 1-49.
50.
Lambert, S.J., & Waxman, E. ( 2005). Organizational stratification: Distributing opportunities for balancing work and personal life. In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives (pp. 103-126). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
51.
Lobel, S.A., & St. Clair, L. ( 1992). Effects of family responsibilities, gender, and career identity salience on performance outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 1057-1069.
52.
MacDermid, S.M. ( 2005). (Re)considering conflict between work and family . In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives (pp. 19-40). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
53.
MacDermid, S.M., Pagnan, C., & Remnet, M.A. ( 2008). Best of the best: The 2007 Rosabeth Moss Kanter Award for Excellence in Work-Family Research. West Lafayette, IN: Center for Families at Purdue University.
54.
Matthews, R.A., Del Priore, R.E., Acitelli, L.K., & Barnes-Farrell, J.L. (2006). Work-to-relationship conflict: Crossover effects in dual-earner couples. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11, 228-240.
55.
McBride, A.B. ( 1990). Mental health effects of women’s multiple roles . American Psychologist, 45, 381-384.
56.
Moshavi, D., & Koch, M.J. ( 2005). The adoption of family-friendly practices in family-owned firms. Community, Work, & Family, 8, 237-249.
57.
Moss, P., Salzman, H., & Tilly, C. ( 2005). When firms restructure: Understanding work-life outcomes . In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives (pp. 127-150). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
58.
Meyerson, D.E., & Fletcher, J.K. (2000). A modest manifesto for shattering the glass ceiling. Harvard Business Review , 78(1), 127-136.
59.
Pavalko, E.K., & Henderson, K.A. (2006). Combining care work and paid work: Do workplace policies make a difference? Journal of Marriage and Family, 28, 359-374.
60.
Pearson, A.W., Carr, J.C., & Shaw, J.C. ( 2008). Toward a theory of familiness: A social capital perspective . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32, 949-969.
61.
Pieper, T.M., & Klein, S.B. ( 2007). The bullseye: A systems approach to modeling family firms . Family Business Review, 10, 301-319.
62.
Poelmans, S. A. Y. (Ed.). (2005). Work and family: An international research perspective. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
63.
Reynolds, J., & Aletraris, L. ( 2006). Pursuing preferences: The creation and resolution of work hour mismatches. American Sociological Review, 71, 618-638.
64.
Rothausen, T.J. ( 1994). Job satisfaction and the parent worker: The role of flexibility and rewards. Journal of Vocational Behavior , 44, 317-336.
65.
Rothausen, T.J. ( 1999). "Family" in organizational research: A review and comparison of definitions and measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior , 19, 817-836.
66.
Rothausen, T.J., Gonzalez, J.A., Clarke, N.E., & O’Dell, L.L. (1998). Family-friendly backlash-Fact or fiction? The case of organizations’ on-site child care centers. Personnel Psychology, 31, 685-706.
67.
Rothausen, T.J., Gonzalez, J.A., & Griffin, A.E.C. (in press). Are all the parts there everywhere? Facet job satisfaction in the United States and the Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Management.
68.
Salvato, C., & Melin, L. ( 2008). Creating value across generations in family-controlled businesses: The role of family social capital. Family Business Review, 11, 259-276.
69.
Sharma, P. ( 2008). Commentary: Familiness: Capital stocks and flows between family and business. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 32, 971-977.
70.
Simon, R.W. ( 1995). Gender, multiple roles, role meaning, and mental health . Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 182-194.
71.
Smyrnios, K. X., Romano, C. A., Tanewski, G. A., Karofsky, P. I., Millen, R., & Yilmaz, M. R. (2003). Work-family conflict: A study of American and Australian family businesses . Family Business Review, 16, 35-51.
72.
Sorenson, R.L. ( 2000). The contribution of leadership style and practices to family and business success. Family Business Review, 13, 183-200.
73.
Strazdins, L., Clements, M.S., Korda, R.J., Broom, D.H., & D’Souza, R.M. (2006). Unsociable work? Nonstandard work schedules, family relationships, and children’s well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 394-410.
74.
Sutton, K.L., & Noe, R.A. ( 2005). Family-friendly programs and work-life integration: more myth than magic? In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives (pp. 151-169). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
75.
Tenbrunsel, A.E., Brett, J.M., Maoz, E., Stroh, L.K., & Reilly, A.H. ( 1995). Dynamic and static work-family relationships. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 63, 233-246.
76.
Thomas, D.C., & Au, K. ( 2002). The effect of cultural differences on behavioral responses to low job satisfaction. Journal of International Business Studies, 33, 309-326.
77.
Thomas, L.T., & Ganster, D.C. ( 1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: a control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 6-15.
78.
Thompson, C.A., Beauvais, L.L., & Lyness, K.S. ( 1999). When work-family benefits are not enough: The influence of work- family culture on benefit utilization, organizational attachment, and work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 392-415.
79.
Thompson, C.A., Kopelman, R.E., & Schriesheim, C.A. (1992). Putting all one’s eggs in the same basket: A comparison of commitment and satisfaction among self- and organizationally employed men. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 738-443.
80.
Valcour, M. ( 2007). Work-based resources as moderators of the relationship between work hours and satisfaction with work-family balance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1512-1523.
81.
Van Auken, H., & Werbel, J. ( 2006). Family dynamic and family business financial performance: Spousal commitment. Family Business Review, 9, 49-59.
82.
Waite, L.J., Haggstrom, G.W., & Kanouse, D.E. ( 1985). Changes in the employment activities of new parents . American Sociological Review, 50, 263-272.
83.
Wells, B. ( 2000, March). Making ends meet in the restructured economy: Social class variation in household strategies. Paper presented at the second annual academic conference on work-family, Work and Family: Expanding the Horizons, San Francisco.
84.
Williams, J. ( 2000). Unbending gender: Why work and family conflict and what to do about it. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
85.
Williams, K.J., & Alliger, G.M. ( 1994). Role stressors, mood spillover, and perceptions of work-family conflict in employed parents. Academy of Management Journal , 37, 837-868.
86.
Yogev, S., & Brett, J. ( 1985). Patterns of work and family involvement among single- and dual-career couples. Journal of Applied Psychology , 70, 754-768.
87.
Zedeck, S. (Ed.). (1992). Work, families and organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
88.
Zellweger, T.M., & Nason, R.S. ( 2008). A stakeholder perspective on family firm performance . Family Business Review, 11, 203-216.
