Though far from comprehensive, what may be the most extensive inventory of social science computer simulations of the last decade is presented in historical perspective. Simulations are discussed in terms of four underlying structural models: equation systems, probability, resource allocation, and social process designs. Advantages and limitations of each design are discussed. Five developments affecting the future of social science computer simulation are also noted, along with simulation exam ples of each: hypertext, interactive fiction, natural language, expert systems, and pattern recognition. Some 168 simulations or simulation authoring tools are listed in a resource appendix. Keywords: computer simulation, social science, gaming, modeling, educational technology, hypertext, interactive fiction, natural language, expert systems, pattern recognition.
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References
1.
Note: Cited software is listed with last known address. A telephone and computer search has been done and, where known, product status is listed. In most cases where product status is not listed, the last known phone number has been disconnected.
2.
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4.
Alley.Rat Pack. PSI and EYE, 4310 S. Semoran #690w, Orlando, FL 32822.
5.
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6.
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7.
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8.
American Revolution, The. New Worlds Software. Company defunct. No longer available.
9.
AMMG. JGB Software, POB 91106, Columbus, OH 43209-1106.
10.
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11.
Annam. Educational Activities Inc., 1937 Grand Ave., Baldwin, NY 11510-2889; 516-223-4666. Still available.
12.
Anthropology 3. B. M. Fagan and G. H. Michaels. Office of Instructional Consultation, University of California, Department of Anthropology, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; 805-893-3523. Still available.
13.
Astute: Business Policy. SHR Associates, 20 W. Main St., High Bridge, NJ 08829; 908-638-4490.
14.
@Risk. Palisade Corporation, 2189 Elmira Rd., Newfield, NY 14867; 607-277-8000. Still available.
15.
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16.
AttSim. M. Grant.National Collegiate Software Clearinghouse, Raleigh, NC . Company defunct. No longer available.
17.
Balance of Power: Geopolitics in the Nuclear Age. C. Crawford. Mindscape, Inc., 3444 Dundee Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062. Company defunct. No longer available.
18.
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19.
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38.
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40.
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41.
Clinical Interview. Clinical Interviews Inc., 7025 E. Lake Rd., POB 69, Willard, NY 14588; 607-869-5955.
42.
Code Red. K. Murray. ICMA Microcomputer Software, 1120 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20005; 202-289-4262. No longer available.
43.
Community Mental Health Simulation. G. D. Garson. Business and Educational Technologies/William C. Brown, 2460 Kerper Blvd., Dubuque, IA 52001. Still available.
44.
Competition Game, The. A. A. Thompson and G. J. Stappenbeck. Prentice-Hall, 200 Old Tappan Rd., Old Tappan, NJ 07675; 201-592-2000. Still available.
45.
Computer Experiments in Psychology. Macmillan Publishing Co., 866 Third Ave., New York, NY 10022; 212-702-2000. Out of print.
46.
Congress. Edward Morgan, Government Department, Lehigh University, Maginnes Hall #9, Bethlehem, PA 18025; 215-758-3345. Still available.
47.
Congress and the Presidency. Jeremy Lewis. Business and Educational Technologies/William C. Brown, 2460 Kerper Blvd., Dubuque, IA 52001. Still available.
48.
Congressional Bill Simulator, The. Focus Media Inc., 485 S. Broadway, Suite 12, Hicksville, NY 11801; 516-931-2500. Still available.
49.
Congressional Insight. National Association of Manufacturers, c/o Tiffany Adams, Public Affairs Administrator, 1331 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Suite 1500 North, Washington, DC 20004-1703; 202-637-3000. Still available.
50.
CrimFact. George Conklin, Sociology Department, NCCU, Durham, NC 27707; 919-596-6222. New publisher forthcoming.
51.
Crisis in the Kremlin. Spectrum Holobyte, 2061 Challenger Dr., Alameda, CA 94501; 510-522-1164. No longer available.
52.
Crystal Ball. Market Engineering Corp., 1675 Larimer St., Suite 600, Denver, co 80202; 303-893-0100.
53.
DAGG (Detroit Area Growth Game).A. Feldt and R. Donohue.Architecture and Planning Research Laboratory, Room 1248B, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2069; 313-764-6885.
54.
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55.
DataSim.Desktop Press, 90 Bardwell St., Lewiston, ME 04240.
56.
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57.
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58.
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59.
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60.
Drug Bust. Gibbons. Prentice-Hall, 200 Old Tappan Rd., Old Tappan, NJ 07675; 800-223-1360; 201-592-2000. Still available.
61.
E Pluribus Unum. J. B. M. Schick. History Microcomputer Review, Department of History, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS 66762; 316-231-7000.
62.
Econograph. C.Link, J. Miller, and J. Bergman.CBS College Publishing/The Dryden Press, POB 36, LaValette, NJ 08735; 908-323-0205.
63.
Econolab. M. Lovell.National Collegiate Software Clearinghouse, Raleigh, NC . Company defunct. No longer available.
Economics Model Lab. Wisc-Ware, Academic Computing Center, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1210 W. Dayton St., Madison, WI 53706; 608-262-8167.
66.
Economics on Computer. Wisc-Ware, Academic Computing Center, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1210 W. Dayton St., Madison, WI 53706; 608-262-8167.
67.
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68.
Ekker, K., Gifford, G., Leik, S., & Leik, R.1988. Using microcomputer gamesimulation experiments to study family response to the Mt. St. Helens eruptions. Social Science Computer Review6:90-105.
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Election of 1912, The. M. Bernstein and E. Sweeney.Eastgate Systems , 134 Main St., Watertown, MA 22172; 617-924-9044. Still available.
70.
Electoral College.Krell Software Corporation , 1320 Stony Brook Rd., Stony Brook, NY 11790; 516-689-3500. No longer available.
71.
Electoral College Simulation.G.D. Garson.National Collegiate Software Clearinghouse, Raleigh, NC. Company defunct. No longer available.
72.
Ethics Case Study Simulation. M. McMinn.Business and Educational Technologies/William C. Brown, 2460 Kerper Blvd., Dubuque, IA 52001. Still available.
73.
Experiments m Sociology: Five Computer Simulations. W. Bainbridge.Wadsworth Publishing Co., 10 Davis Dr., Belmont, CA 94002; 415-595-2350. Still available with book purchase.
74.
Extend. Imagine That!, 6830 Via Del Oro, Suite 230, San Jose, CA 95119; 408-365-0305. Still available.
75.
Fagan, B.M., & Michaels, G.H.1990. A multimedia approach to introductory archaeology. Academic Computing (Nov./Dec.).
76.
FairModel, The. R. Fair. MACRO Inc., 24 E. Maine St., Southborough, MA 01772; 508-624-4011. Still available.
77.
Falk, L., & Falk, C.1986. Simulation exercises in population dynamics. Collegiate Microcomputer4:235-41.
78.
Famine Relief in the Desert Horn. Macmillan, 866 Third Ave., New York, NY 10022; 212-702-2000. Out of print.
79.
FamSim. S. Bower. Business and Educational Technologies/William C. Brown, 2460 Kerper Blvd., Dubuque, IA 52001. Still available.
80.
FDR and the New Deal. J. Sargent. New Worlds Software. Company defunct. No longer available.
81.
Feinberg, W.E.1988. When a model needs a model: Convincing skeptics of counterintuitive results—an example from affirmative action modeling . Social Science Computer Review6:66-74.
82.
Feinberg, W.E., & Johnson, N.R.1988. Outside agitators and crowds: Results from a computer simulation model. Social Forces67:398-423.
83.
Fertile Crescent. S. Hueston.New Worlds Software, Kent, WA. Company defunct. No longer available.
84.
Firm C.M. Levy.CONDUIT, University of Iowa-Oakdale Campus, Iowa City, IA 52242; 319-353-5789.
85.
Fish Banks, Ltd. IPSSR, Hood House, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824; 603-862-2186. Still available.
86.
Flynn, J.1987. Simulating policy processes through electronic mail. Computers and Human Services2 (1/2): 13-26.
87.
Forecasting: Sociology of the Family. K.E. Hinze.Business and Educational Technologies/William C. Brown, 2460 Kerper Blvd., Dubuque, IA 52001. Still available.
88.
Frame D.E. Muir.Dept. of Sociology, University of Alabama, POB 870219, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0219; 205-348-5943. Still available.
89.
Fritsche, D.1987. The impact of microcomputers on business educational simulations . Simulation & Games18:176-91.
90.
Front Page. London: Longman.
91.
Fugawiland. T.D. Price and M.J. Kolb.CONDUIT, University of Iowa-Oakdale Campus, Iowa City, IA 52242; 319-353-5789. No longer available.
92.
Fusco, M., Bell, P., Jorgensen, M., & Smith, J.1991. Using the computer to study the commons dilemma . Simulation & Gaming22:67-74.
93.
GAGG (Genessee Area Growth Game). Architecture and Planning Research Laboratory, Room 3111, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2069.
94.
Gameplan. NDMA Inc., 641 Danbury Rd., Suite D, Ridgefield, CT 06877; 203-431-0029. Still available.
95.
Garson, G.D.1987. Academic microcomputing. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
96.
_. 1991. Interpreting neural net connection weights. AI Expert6:46-51.
Hitler's War.S. Hueston.New Worlds Software, Kent, WA. Company defunct. No longer available.
109.
How a Bill Becomes a Law. Intellectual Software/Queue, 338 Commerce Dr., Fairfield, CT 06430; 203-335-0906. Still available.
110.
Hughes, B.B.1985. World models: The basis of difference. International Studies Quarterly29:77-101.
111.
HyperGate. Eastgate Systems, POB 1307, Cambridge, MA 02238; 617-924-9044. Still available.
112.
Icons, PolNet II, and Hostage Crisis. J. Wilkenfeld and R. Brecht, Department of Government and Politics, 2148 Lefrak Hall, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; 301-405-4172. Still available.
113.
Illusions Pack. PSI and EYE, 4310 S. Semoran #690w, Orlando, FL 32822.
114.
Immigrants: The Irish Experience m Boston, 1840- 1859, The. Harvard Technology Project of the Harvard Graduate School of Education (J. Manzelli, C. Morrison, H. Olds, D. Ross, & J. Walters). California Computer-Using Educators , Menlo Park, CA.
115.
INS2 (Inter-Nation Simulation 2). B. Farzanegan. Business and Educational Technologies/William C. Brown, 2460 Kerper Blvd., Dubuque, IA 52001. Still available.
116.
International Futures Simulation (IFS). B. Hughes. CONDUIT, University of Iowa-Oakdale Campus, Iowa City, IA 52242; 319-353-5789. No longer available.
117.
International Oil Tanker Simulation. B. Bakken. John Sterman, Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139; 617-253-1549.
118.
International Relations Simulations: Coup d'etat Tutorial. National Collegiate Software Clearinghouse, Raleigh, NC. Company defunct. No longer available.
119.
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Kraus, S., et al. 1992. The Hostage Crisis Simulation. Simulation & Gaming23:398-416.
122.
Laboratory in Classical Conditioning. CONDUIT, University of Iowa-Oakdale Campus, Iowa City, IA 52242; 319-335-4100. Still available.
123.
Laboratory in Cognition and Perception. C.M. Levy and S. Ransdell.CONDUIT, University of Iowa-Oakdale Campus, Iowa City, IA 52242; 319-335-4100. Still available.
124.
Lewis, G., & Michel, R.1990. Microsimulation techniques for tax and transfer analysis . Lanham, MD: The Urban Institute Press.
125.
Lewis, G., & Morrison, R.1987. Income transfer analysis. Lanham, MD : The Urban Institute Press.
126.
Lincoln's Decisions. Educational Activities Inc., 1937 Grand Ave., Baldwin, NY 11510-2889; 516-223-4666. Still available.
127.
Mace, S.1986. Business simulations graduate into the real world . InfoWorld 17 Feb., 37-38.
128.
Management 500. T. Thavikulwat, POB 1305, Monterey Park, CA 91754.
129.
Market Place Economics. D. Weidenaar. Diversified Educational Enterprises, Inc., 725 Main St., Lafayette, IN 47901; 317-742-2690. Still available.
130.
Markov Simulator. G. D. Garson. Business and Educational Technologies/William C. Brown, 2460 Kerper Blvd., Dubuque, IA 52001. Still available.
131.
Masters and Slaves: A Game on the Psychology of Slavery in the Pre-Civil War South. M. C. Campion. Perspicacity Software, 307 W. Rose, Pittsburg, KS 66762.
132.
McClintock, C.1990. Caring vs. cash flow. Computers m Human Services, nos. 3/4. Symposium on Computer Literacy in Human Services.
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135.
Metro-Apex. M. James.Western Computing Associates, 18040 Calvert St., Reseda, CA 91335.
136.
Micro-Dynamo. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA 01867; 617-944-3700. No longer available.
137.
Micro-Globus. Globus Research Group. Edition Sigma, Rainer Bohn Verlag, Mittenwalder Str. 48, D-1000 Berlin 61, Germany.
138.
Millionaire II. Blue Chip Software, 2320 Camino Vida Roble, Carlsbad, CA 92009; 619-929-2626. Still available.
139.
Mind Forever Voyaging, A. Infocom, 125 Cambridge Pk. Dr., Cambridge, MA 02140.
140.
MKTSIM. Spring Systems, POB 10073, Chicago, IL 60610; 312-275-5273.
141.
Model-It! Academic Computing Specialists, 2015 E. 3300 S., Salt Lake City, UT 84109; 801-484-3923. No longer available.
142.
Monte Carlo Simulations. Actuarial Micro Software, 3915A Valley Ct., Winston-Salem, NC 27106. Company defunct. No longer available.
143.
Muir, D.1991. Spaceship earth: An educational-level limits-to-growth computer simulation. Social Science Computer Review9:123-28.
144.
_. 1992. FRAME: A computer program for simulating personality, cultural, and other consonance-seeking informational systems. Social Science Computer Review10:361-67.
145.
Murder One. Prentice-Hall, 200 Old Tappan Rd., Old Tappan, NJ 07675; 201-592-2000. Still available.
146.
Neighborhood Segregation Model. C. Moody and E. Dethlefsen.Business and Educational Technologies/William C. Brown, 2460 Kerper Blvd., Dubuque, IA 52001. Still available.
147.
NeuroWindows. Ward Systems Group, Executive Park West, 5 Hillcrest Dr., Frederick, MD 21702; 301-662-7950. Still available.
On the Campaign Trail. M. Fishel, D. Gopoian, and J. M. Stacey. Campaigns and Elections, Inc., 1511 K St. NW, Suite 1020, Washington, DC 20005; 202-331-3222. Still available.
150.
OP.RAT. PSI and EYE, 4310 S. Semoran #690w, Orlando, FL 32822.
151.
Orcutt, G., et al. 1976. Policy exploration through microanalytic simulation. Lanham, MD: The Urban Institute Press.
152.
PCMOdel. Academic Computing Specialists. Simsoft, Brookings, OR; 503-469-0984. Still available.
153.
People Express Management Flight Simulator. J. D. Sterman. Sloan School of Management, MIT, 50 Memorial Dr., Cambridge, MA 02139; 617-253-1951. Still available.
154.
Pétry, F.1990. Learning outcomes of game-theoretic simulation: An evaluation . Social Science Computer Review8:367-77.
155.
Ploch, D.R.1990. Social Science Computer Review8:614-26.
156.
Police Deadly Force. Wisc-Ware, Academic Computing Center, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1210 W. Dayton St., Madison, WI 53706; 608-262-8167. No longer available.
157.
Political Process Exercise. J. Gamble. Intellimation Library for the Macintosh, 130 Cremona Dr., POB 1922, Santa Barbara, CA 93116-1922.
Poverty Game, The. S. H. Gray. William C. Brown Communications, 2460 Kerper Blvd., Dubuque, IA 52001; 319-588-1451. Still available.
160.
President Elect. Strategic Simulations Inc., 104 N. Rengstorff Ave., Mountain View, CA 94043; 413-964-1353. No longer available.
161.
Presidential Campaign! G. D. Garson. St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10010; 212-674-5151.
162.
Presidential Election Game/Simulation. G. D. Garson. National Collegiate Software Clearinghouse, Raleigh, NC. Company defunct. No longer available.
163.
Professional Dynamo Plus. Pugh-Roberts Associates Inc., 5 Lee St., Cambridge, MA 02139; 617-864-8880.
164.
PsychSim. Worth Publishers, 33 Irvin Pl., New York, NY 10018; 212-475-6000. Still available.
165.
Psych Ware. R. Slotnick.Electronic Learning Laboratory, New York Institute of Technology, 1855 Broadway, New York, NY10023.
166.
PsychWorld. C. Hay.McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1221 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY10020; 212-512-4100. Now available as PsychWorld II.
167.
PsyCom: Psychology on Computer—Simulations, Experiments, and Projects. W. C. Brown Communications, 2460 Kerper Blvd., Dubuque, IA 52001; 319-588-1451. Still available.
168.
Ram's Horn II.J. Kroll and R. Rosecrance.Intellimation Library for the Macintosh, POB 1922, Santa Barbara, CA 93116-1922; 805-968-2291, ext. 476. Still available.
169.
Report to the Inspector General. M. St.-Germain and N. Veilleux.New York : UNESCO.
170.
Revolutions: Past, Present, and Future. M. Rothman.Focus Media Inc., 485 S. Broadway, Suite 12, Hicksville, NY11801; 516-931-2500. Still available.
171.
Risk Game, The. E. Grace. San Jose State University, One Washington Sq., San Jose, CA 95192; 408-924-3474 or 3460.
172.
Sadow, J., Jordan, Jordan, R., & Sanchez-Navarro, P.1988. Computer applications in teaching international political interaction. The Political Science Teacher , Winter, 8-10.
173.
St. Louis Model: New Policy Simulations. W.P. Yohe.National Collegiate Software Clearinghouse, Raleigh, NC. Company defunct. No longer available.
174.
School Psychologist Simulation Program. M. Isaacs. A116 Liberal Arts, Rochester Institute of Technology, 18 Lomb Memorial Dr., Rochester, NY 14623; 716-475-2765. Still available.
175.
Schrodt, P.A.1988. P-World: A precedent-based global simulation. Social Science Computer Review6:27-42.
176.
_. 1991. Mathematical modeling. Chap. 19 in Empirical Political Analysis, 3d. ed. J. B. Manheim & R. C. Rich.New York: Longman.
177.
Scientist. Micromath Scientific Software, POB 21550, Salt Lake City, UT 84121; 801-943-0290. Still available.
178.
Sechrist, R.1989. Microcomputer-based simulation of innovation diffusion . Social Science Computer Review7:161-74.
179.
Semonche, J.1987. Computer simulations, the teaching of history, and the goals of a liberal education. Academic Computing , Sept., 16-19.
180.
Sergeev, V.N., Akimov, V.P., Lukov, V.B., & Parshin, P.B.1991. Interdependence in a crisis situation: A cognitive approach to modeling the Caribbean crisis. Journal of Conflict Resolution34:179-207.
181.
Shadow President. D. C. True Ltd., 1840 Oak Ave., Evanston, IL 60201; 800-929-1243. Still available.
182.
Shim, J.P.1988. The visual interactive computer-aided approach to teaching zerosum/non-zero-sum games. Social Science Computer Review6:392-97.
183.
SimCity. Maxis Software, 953 Mountain View Dr., Suite 113, Lafayette, CA 94549. Still available.
184.
SimEarth. Maxis Software, 953 Mountain View Dr., Suite 113, Lafayette, CA 94549. Still available.
185.
SimGraphics. CACI, 3333 N. Torrey Pines Ct., La Jolla, CA 92037; 619-457-9681. Still available.
186.
SimInteract. D. Muir. Business and Educational Technologies/William C. Brown 2460 Kerper Blvd., Dubuque, IA 52001. Still available.
187.
SimScript. CACI, 3333 N. Torrey Pines Ct., La Jolla, CA 92037; 619-457-9681. Still available.
188.
Simulating the Great Depression in the United States. W. P. Yohe. Business and Educational Technologies/William C. Brown, 2460 Kerper Blvd., Dubuque, IA 52001. Still available.
189.
Simulating the U.S. Economy During World War I. W.P. Yohe and J.L. Butkiewicz.National Collegiate Software Clearinghouse, Raleigh, NC. Company defunct. No longer available.
190.
Simulating the U.S. Economy in World War II. W.P. Yohe.Business and Educational Technologies/William C. Brown, 2460 Kerper Blvd., Dubuque, IA 52001. Still available.
191.
Slotnick, R.1988. Original courseware for introductory psychology . Collegiate Microcomputer6:349-60.
192.
_. 1990. Academic computing in psychology: Trends and issues. Social Science Computer Review8:558-91.
193.
Smithtown Discovery World. A. Katz and J. Ochs.LRDC, Kalyani Raghavan, Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260; 412-624-7020.
194.
Social Power Game. R. Leik, G. Gifford, and R. Anderson.Random House /Alfred A. Knopf, 201 E. 50th St., New York, NY 10022. Out of print.
195.
Society for Computer Simulation.Directory of Simulation Software. San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation. Issued annually.
196.
Sociology Laboratory: Computer Simulations for Learning Sociology. W.S. Bainbridge.Wadsworth Publishers, 10 Davis Dr., Belmont, CA 94002. Available as of 1993.
197.
Solomon, S.L.1983. Simulation of waiting-line systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
198.
Spaceship Earth. D. Muir.Dept. of Sociology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0219; 205-348-5943. Still available.
199.
Spain: 912-1080 A.D.S. Hueston.New Worlds Software, Kent, WA. Company defunct. No longer available.
200.
Start. CONDUIT, University of Iowa-Oakdale Campus, Iowa City, IA 52242; 319-353-5789. Still available.
201.
STELLA. High Performance Systems, 45 Lyme Road, #300, Hanover, NH 03755-1223; 603-643-9636. Still available.
202.
Stimson, J., & Stimson, A.1989. Using a spreadsheet to teach social change modeling . Social Science Computer Review7:46-56.
203.
Strategic Management Game. Strategic Management Group, 3624 Market St., University City Science Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104; 215-387-4000. Still available.
204.
Strategy! H. R. Priesmeyer. South-Western Publishing Co., 5101 Madison Rd., Cincinnati, OH 45227; 513-271-8811. Still available.
205.
Strat-Plan. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632; 201-592-2000. No longer available.
206.
Structured Sentencing Simulation. R.E. Anderson. 909 Social Sciences Bldg., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; 612-624-9554. Still available.
207.
Struggle for Independence, The. Aquarius People Materials, POB 128, Indian Rocks Beach, FL 34635; 813-595-7890.
208.
Super Scoop II. P. Owens. COMPRESS, POB 102, Wentworth, NH 03282.
Supershrink: Computer Interviews for Undergraduate Psychology Students. J. Low-man. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 302 Commerce St., Suite 3700, Fort Worth, TX 76102. Still available.
211.
Sylvan, D.1987. Systems simulation: Supplementing global models with computational models—an assessment and an energy example. Behavioral Science32:212-31.
212.
Symbiosis. R. Beloin. Intellimation Library for the Macintosh, 130 Cremona Dr., POB 1922, Santa Barbara, CA 93116-1922; 805-968-2291, ext. 476.
213.
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