Social science data are mainly understood as rectangular case-by-variable data sets that will be analyzed statistically on the basis of an individual epistemology. On the other hand, interpretation methods focus on single cases that are treated as typical examples. Knowledge-based systems are suited for processing expert strategies together with real-world facts. Thus we find suggestions for expert systems not only for social decision support and methodological advice but also for integration of theoretical research results, explanation of nonmeasured causal factors, and selection and interpretation of individual or composite cases. An example of the latter is Akcess, a system that analyzes bibliographic data on the social science community by means of network knowledge. Keywords: knowledge-based systems, expert systems, social research, data analysis, hermeneutics.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Arrus, R., Gronquist, B., et al. 1991. Considerations on the use of an expert system to support economic and social planning. In Computers in the humanities and the social sciences Achievements of the 1980s, prospects for the 1990s, Best, H., Mochmann, E., & Thaller, M., 292-301. Proceedings of the Cologne Computer Conference, Sept. 1988. Munchen: Saur.
2.
Bammé, A.1988. Em móglicher Beitrag der Soziologie zur Erforschung künstlicher Intelligenz. Soziologie: Mitteilungsblatt der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Soziologie1988 (1):5-23.
3.
Bauermann, M., & Mans, D.1984. Künstliche Intelligenz in den Sozialwissenschaften : Expertensysteme als Instrumente der Emstellungsforschung. Analyse und Kritik6:103-59.
4.
Beaugrande, R. de. 1992. Discourse between social science and humanities . In Terminology work in subject fields, Krommer-Benz, M., & Budin, G. Proceedings of the 3rd Infoterm Symposium , Vienna, Nov. 1991. Wien: Infoterm (to be published).
5.
Berelson, B., & Stemer, G.A.1969, 1972. Menschliches Verhalten Bd. i u. Bd. 2. Weinheim : Beltz.
6.
Bocca, J.B.1991. MegaLog—A platform for developing knowledge base management systems. In International Symposium on Database Systems for Advanced Applications, 374-80. April, Tokyo.
7.
Brannigan, A.1989. Artificial intelligence and the attributional model of scientific discovery. Social Studies of Science19:601-13.
8.
Brent, E.E.1986. Knowledge-based systems: A qualitative formalism . Qualitative Sociology9:256-82.
9.
Carley, K.1989. The value of cognitive foundations for dynamic social theory. Journal of Mathematical Sociology14:171-208.
10.
Corbm, J., & Strauss, A.1990. Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons and evaluative criteria. Zeitschrift fur Soziologie19 (6): 418-27.
11.
Defnse, C., & Nirenburg, S.1990. A language for representing text meaning. In TKE '90: Terminology and knowledge engineering Vol. i, Czap, H., & Nedobity, W., 244-52. Frankfurt/M. : INDEKS.
12.
Dyer, M.G.1983. In-depth understanding. A computer model of integrated processing of narrative comprehension. Cambridge: MIT press.
13.
Ennals, R., & Gardin, J.-C.1990. Interpretation in the humanities: Perspectives from artificial intelligence (LIR Report 71). London: British Library.
14.
Esser, H.1987. Warum die Routine mcht weiterhilft. Uberlegungen zur Kritik an der Variablen-Soziologie. In Problemlosungsoperator Sozialwissenschaft. Anwendungsorientierte Modelle der Sozial- und Planungswissenschaften in ihrer Wirksamkeitsproblematik Band 2. Muller, N , & Stachowiak, H., 230-45. Stuttgart: Enke.
—. ( 1991). Von der Variablensoziologie zur empirischen Evaluation von Handlungsparadigmen. In Modellierung sozialer Prozesse. Sozialwissenschaftliche Tagungsberichte 2, Esser, H., & Troitzsch, K. G., 111-38. Bonn: IZ Sozialwissenschaften .
17.
Gale, W.A., & Pregibon, D.1984. Constructing an expert system for data analysis by working examples. In Compstat 1984. Proceedings m computational statistics , Havranek, T., Sidak, Z., & Novak, M. , 227-36. Wien : Physica.
18.
Gale, W.A.1986. REX review. In Artificial intelligence and statistics, Gale, W. A.173-227. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
19.
Garner, E., & Heinz, W.1991. On the representation of speech acts in situation semantics . In GWAI-91: Proceedings 15, Christaller, T. Fachtagung "Künstliche Intelligenz ," September, Bonn.
20.
Informatik-Fachbericht285:130-34. Berlin : Springer.
21.
Garson, G.D.1990. Expert systems: An overview for social scientists . Social Science Computer Review8:388-410.
22.
Glaser, B.G., & Strauss, A.1967. The discovery of grounded theory. Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine.
23.
Hahn, U., & Reimer, U.1986. Semantic parsing and summarizing of technical texts in the TOPIC system. In Informationslinguistik Theoretische, experimentelle, curriculare und prognostische Aspekte einer informationswissenschaftlichen Teildisziplin, Kuhlen, Rainer, 153-93. Tubingen: Niemeyer.
24.
Hand, D.J.1987. Statistical expert systems research. The Professional Statistician6 (10): 10-12.
25.
Hippler, H. & Beckenbach, A.1992. Computer-assisted questioning: Developments, restrictions and future possibilities. In Softstat'91 Advances in statistical software 3. Proceedings 6th Conference on the Scientific Use of Statistical Software, Faulbaum, F., 403-10. Stuttgart Gustav Fischer.
26.
Hippler, H., Meier, F., & Schwarz, N.1988. Erste Erfahrungen mit der Erprobung eines interaktiven Befragungs- und Instruktionssystems (IBIS. ZUMA-Nachrichten23:79-91.
27.
Hopf, C.1985. Fragen der Quantifizierung in qualitativen Untersuchungen . Paper presented at the Methodensektion of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie, October, at Mannheim . Manuscript, Berlin Freie Universität .
28.
Hudson, V.1987. Using a rule-based production system to estimate foreign-policy behavior. In AI and national security, Cimbala, S., 109-32. Lexington.
29.
Hunter, J.E., Schmidt, F.L., & Jackson, G.B.1982. Meta-analysis. Cumulating research findings across studies . Studying organizations: Innovations in methodology4. Beverly Hills: Sage.
30.
Ioannidis, Y.E., Chen, J., et al. 1989. BERMUDA—An architectural perspective on interfacing Prolog to a database machine. In Expert database systems, Kerschberg, L., Proceedings from the second international conference, 1988, Vienna. 229-55. Redwood City : Benjamin/Cummings .
Klosgen, W.1990. The integration of knowledge-based and statistical methods in a statistics interpreter. In SoftStat'89 Fortschritte der Statistik-Software 2, Faulbaum, F., Haux, R., Jöckel, K.-H., 316-23. Mannheim: Gustav Fischer.
33.
Manhart, K.1989. Können AI-Programme als Theonen betrachtet werden? In Proceedings 5. Osterreichische AI-Tagung, Retti, J., Leidlmeier, K. , 346-358. Berlin : Springer.
34.
—. 1991. KI-Modellierung in den Sozialwissenschaften. KI Kunsthche Intelligenz5 (2): 32-40.
35.
Meier, F.1990. Rechnergestutzte Untersuchungen in der humanpharmakologischen Forschung. In K.-H., SoftStat'89. Fortschritte der Statistik-Software 2, Faulbaum, F. , Haux, R., Jockel, K.-H, 405-414. Mannheim: Gustav Fischer.
36.
Möhring, M.1990. Mimose-A functional language for modelling and simulation of individual behaviour in interacting populations. In Computer aided sociological research, Gladitz, J., & Troitzsch, K. G., 397-415. Proceedings of the workshop CASOR'89, October, at Holzau . Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
37.
Muhr, T.1991a. ATLAS/ti—ein Interpretations-Unterstutzungs-System . In Information retrieval, Fuhr, N., 64-77. Proceedings CI/GMD-Workshop, June, Darmstadt. Berlin: Springer.
38.
—. 1991b. Atlas/ti—A prototype for the support of text interpretation (Bencht aus dem interdisziplinären Forschungsprojekt ATLAS 91-4. Berlin: Techmsche Universitat.
39.
Muller, G.P., Alpar, P., et al. 1987. Knowledge-based Analysis of Socio-economic Panel Data. In Economics and Artificial Intelligence, Roos, J.-L., 87-89. Proceedings of the IFAC / IFORS / IFIP / IASC / AFCET Conference, September 1986, Aix-en-Provence. Oxford: Pergamon .
40.
Muller, R.A.1988. Wissensbasierte statistische Planungssysteme. In Fortschritte in der Statistik-Software 1, Faulbaum, F., & Uehlinger, H.-M , 248-58. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer.
41.
Mylopoulos, J., & Brodie, M.1990. Knowledge bases and databases: Current trends and future directions. In Information systems and artificial intelligence: Integration aspects. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 474, Karagiannis, D., 153-80. Berlin : Springer.
42.
Ohly, H.P.1988. Sozialmssenschaftliche Theorien als Gegenstand systematischer Dokumentation. In Wissensorganisation im Wandel. Dezimalklassifikation-Thesaurusfragen-Warenklassifikation . Hermes, H.-J., & Holzl, J , Proceedings 11. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft fur Klassifikation, 1987, Aachen.
43.
Studien zur Klassifikation18:94-102. Frankfurt/M. : INDEKS.
44.
—. 1990. Wissensautomatisierung in den Sozialwissenschaften . In Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Dokumentation, Deutscher Dokumentartag 1989. Informationsmethoden: Neue Ansatze und Techniken . October, Bremen. DOK-2:419-39. Frankfurt/M. : DGD.
45.
—. 1991. Conceptual information retrieval by knowledge-based programming techniques. International Classification, 3, 148-52. Frankfurt/M. : INDEKS.
46.
—. 1992. Terminology of the social sciences and social context approaches In Terminology work in subject fields, Krommer-Benz, M., & Budin, G. Proceedings of the 3d Infoterm Symposium , November 1991, Vienna. Wien: Infoterm (to be published).
47.
Ohly, H.P., & Mutschke, P.1992. Akcess:Wissensverarbeitung mit bibliographischen Datenbanken . In Softstat'91. Advances in statistical software 3. Faulbaum, F. 39-48. Proceedings 6th Conference on the Scientific Use of Statistical Software. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer .
48.
Pfeiffer, A., & Schmidt, P.1987. LISREL Die Analyse Komplexer Strukturgleichungsmodelle . Stuttgart, New York: Gustav Fischer.
49.
Rasch, D., Guiard, V., & Nurnberg, G.1990. Present and planned future of the expert system CADEMO . In SoftStat'89. Faulbaum, F., Haux, R., Jockel, K.-H.
50.
Fortschritte der Statistik-Software2:332-39. Stuttgart : Gustav Fischer.
51.
Rieger, B.1981. Feasible fuzzy semantics. On some problems of how to handle word meaning empirically. In Words, worlds, and contexts. New approaches in word semantics, Eikmeyer, H. J., & Rieser, H., 193-209. Berlin , New York: de Gruyter.
52.
—. 1990. Unscharfe Semantik. Zur numerischen Modellierung vager Bedeutungen vonWortern als fuzzy Mengen. In Forum'90 Wissenschaft und Technik: Neue Anwendungen mit Hilfe aktueller Computer Technologien , Friemel, H. J., Muller-Schonberger, G., & Schutt, A.
53.
Informatik-Fachberichte259.80-104BerlinSpringer.
54.
Sallach, D.L.1989. Toward an expert support system for social science . In Databases in the humanities and social sciences 4, MacCrank, L.J., 571-77. Proceedings of the ICDBHSS'87, Montgomery. Medford, NJ Learned Information.
Schrodt, P.A.1988. Artificial intelligence and formal models of international behavior. American Sociologist19:71-85.
57.
Slezak, P.1989. Scientific discovery by computer as empirical refutation of the strong programme. Social Studies of Science19:563-600.
58.
Sonquist, J.A., & Morgan, J.N., 1964. The detection of interaction effects (Survey Research Center Monograph 35). Ann Arbor, MI: Umv. Michigan, ISR.
59.
Spies, M.1992. Reprasentation unsicheren Wissens. In Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentation, Proceedings Deutscher Dokumentartag, 1991, Ulm. Frankfurt/ M.: DGD (to be published).
60.
Sterling, L. & Shapiro, E.1986. The art of Prolog: Advanced programming techmques . Cambridge: MIT Press.
61.
Troitzsch, K.G.1991. Methodological problems of computer simulation in the social sciences. In Disziplin und Kreativitat: Sozialwissenschaftliche Computersimulation: Theoretische Experimente und praktische Anwendung, Kreutz, H., & Bacher, J., 37-46. Opladen: Leske u. Buderich.
