Digital piracy has been shown to be an emerging societal problem. However, research has demonstrated limited techniques that effectively combat digital piracy. The purpose of the present study is to examine the utility of computer viruses in deterring digital piracy. The findings from responses to a survey of college students revealed that fear of computer viruses may influence respondents' intentions to engage in digital piracy. The policy implications of this finding are discussed.
Akers, R.L. (1998). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
2.
Bachman, R., Paternoster, R., & Ward, S. (1992). The rationality of sexual offending: Testing a deterrence/ rational choice conception of sexual assault. Law and Society Review, 26, 343-372.
3.
Balthrop, J., Forrest, S., Newman, M.E.J., & Williamson, M.M. (2004). Technological networks and the spread of computer viruses. Science, 304, 527-529.
4.
Bouffard, J.A. (2002). Methodological and theoretical implications of using subject-generated consequences in tests of rational choice theory. Justice Quarterly, 19, 747-771.
5.
Chiou, J.S., Huang, C., & Lee, H. (2005). The antecedents of music piracy attitudes and intentions. Journal of Business Ethics, 57, 161-174.
6.
Christensen, A., & Eining, M.M. (1991). Factors influencing software piracy: Implications for accountants. Journal of Information Systems, 5, 67-80.
7.
Cochran, J.K., Wood, P.B., Sellers, C.S., Wilkerson, W., & Chamlin, M.B. (1998). Academic dishonesty and low self-control: An empirical test of a general theory of crime. Deviant Behavior, 19, 227-255.
8.
d'Astous, A., Colbert, F., & Montpetit, D. (2005). Music piracy on the web-How effective are anti-piracy arguments? Evidence from the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Consumer Policy, 28, 289-310.
9.
Easley, R.F., Michel, J.G., & Devaraj, S. (2003). The MP3 open standard and the music industry's response to Internet piracy. Association for Computing Machinery , 46, 90-98.
10.
Field, A. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for windows . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
11.
Fivelsdal, H. (2005). Moving toward a balanced and effective response to internet music piracy. The International Journal of Media Management, 7, 121-126.
12.
Gopal, R., & Sanders, G.L. (1997). Preventive and deterrent controls for software piracy. Journal of Management Information Systems, 13, 29-47.
13.
Gopal, R., Sanders, G.L., Bhattacharjee, S., Agrawal, M., & Wagner, S. (2004). A behavioral model of digital music piracy. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 14, 89-105.
14.
Gottfredson, M.R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
15.
Grasmick, H.G., & Bursik, R.J. (1990). Conscience, significant others, and rational choice: Extending the deterrence model. Law & Society Review, 24, 837-861.
16.
Grasmick, H.G., Tittle, C.R., Bursik, R.J., & Arneklev, B.J. (1993). Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 5-29.
17.
Harmer, P.K., Williams, P.D., Gunsch, G.H., & Lamont, G.B. (2002). An artificial immune system architecture for computer security applications. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation , 6, 252-280.
18.
Higgins, G.E. (2005). Can self-control theory help understand the software piracy problem? Deviant Behavior, 26, 1-24.
19.
Higgins, G.E., Fell, B.D., & Wilson, A.L. (2006). Digital piracy: Assessing the contributions of an integrated self-control theory and social learning theory using structural equation modeling. Criminal Justice Studies: A Critical Journal of Crime, Law, & Society, 19, 3-22.
20.
Higgins, G.E., & Makin, D.A. (2004a). Does social learning theory condition the effects of low self-control on college students' software piracy? Journal of Economic Crime Management, 2, 1-22.
Higgins, G.E., Wilson, A.L., & Fell, B.D. (2005). An application of deterrence theory to software piracy. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 12, 166-194.
23.
Hinduja, S. (2001). Correlates of internet software piracy. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 17, 369-382.
24.
Hinduja, S. (2003). Trends and patterns among online software pirates . Ethics and Information Technology, 5, 49-61.
25.
Hollinger, R.C. (1988). Computer hackers follow a Guttman-like progression . Sociology and Social Research, 72, 199-200.
26.
Husted, B.W. (2000). The impact of national culture on software piracy . Journal of Business Ethics, 13, 431-438.
27.
International Federation of Phonographic Industries (IFPI). (2006). The recording industry 2006 piracy report: Protecting creativity in music. Retrieved December 7, 2006, from http://www.ifpi.org
28.
Klepper, S., & Nagin, D. (1989). The deterrent effect of perceived certainty and severity of punishment revisited. Criminology, 27, 721-746.
29.
Koen, C.M., & Im, J.H. (1997). Software piracy and its legal implications. Security Journal, 31, 265-272.
30.
Liang, Z., & Yan, Z. (2005). Software piracy among college students: A comprehensive review of contributing factors, underlying processes, and tackling strategies . Journal of Educational Computing Research, 33, 115-140.
31.
Lloyd, A.L., & May, R.M. (2001). How viruses spread among computers and people . Science, 292, 1316-1317.
32.
Love, S.R. (2006). Illicit sexual behavior: A test of self-control theory. Deviant Behavior, 27, 505-536.
33.
Nagin, D.S. (1998). Deterrence and incapacitation. In M. H. Tonry (Ed.), Handbook of crime and punishment (pp. 345-368). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
34.
Nagin, D.S., & Paternoster, G. (1991). The preventive effects of the perceived risk of arrest: Testing an expanded conception of deterrence . Criminology, 29, 561-587.
35.
Nagin, D.S., & Paternoster, G. (1993). Enduring individual differences and rational choice theories of crime. Law & Society Review , 27, 467-496.
36.
Nagin, D.S., & Pogarsky, G. (2001). Integrating celerity, impulsivity, and extralegal sanction threats into a model of general deterrence: Theory and evidence. Criminology, 39, 865-892.
37.
Nagin, D.S., & Pogarsky, G. (2003). An experimental investigation of deterrence: Cheating, self-serving bias, and impulsivity. Criminology, 41, 167-193.
38.
Nagin, D.S., & Pogarsky, G. (2004). Time and punishment: Delayed consequences and criminal behavior. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 20, 295-318.
39.
Paternoster, R. (1986). The use of composite scales in perceptual deterrence research: A cautionary note. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 23, 128-169.
40.
Paternoster, R. (1987). The deterrent effect of the perceived certainty and severity of punishment: A review of the evidence and issues. Justice Quarterly, 4, 173-217.
41.
Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1998). Using the correct statistical test for the equality of regression coefficients. Criminology, 36, 859-866.
42.
Paternoster, R., & Piquero, A. (1995). Reconceptualizing deterrence: An empirical test of personal and vicarious experiences. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 32, 251-286.
43.
Paternoster, R., & Simpson, S. (1996). Sanction threats and appeals to morality: Testing a rational choice model of corporate crime. Law & Society Review, 30, 549-583.
44.
Peace, A.G., Galletta, D.F., & Thong, J.Y.L. (2003). Software piracy in the workplace: A model and empirical test. Journal of Management Information Systems , 20, 153-177.
45.
Piquero, A.R., & Bouffard, J.A. (In press). Something old, something new: A preliminary investigation of Hirschi's redefined self-control. Justice Quarterly.
46.
Piquero, A.R., & Pogarsky, G. (2002). Beyond Stafford and Warr's reconceptualization of deterrence: Personal and vicarious experiences, impulsivity, and offending behavior. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39, 153-187.
47.
Piquero, A.R., & Tibbetts, S. (1996). Specifying the direct and indirect effects of low self-control and situational factors in offenders' decision making: Toward a more complete model of rational offending. Justice Quarterly , 13, 481-510.
48.
Pogarsky, G. (2002). Identifying "deterrable" offenders: Implications for research on deterrence. Justice Quarterly, 19, 431-453.
49.
Pogarsky, G. (2004). Projected offending and contemporaneous rule-violation . Criminology, 42, 111-136.
50.
Pogarsky, G., & Piquero, A.R. (2004). Studying the reach of deterrence: Can deterrence theory help explain police misconduct? Journal of Criminal Justice, 32, 371-386.
51.
Sherizen, S. (1995). Can computer crime be deterred? Security Journal, 6, 177-181.
52.
Skinner, W.F., & Fream, A.M. (1997). A social learning theory analysis of computer crime among college students. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 495-518.
Tibbetts, S.G. (1997). Shame and rational choice in offending decisions . Criminal Justice and Behavior, 24, 234-255.
55.
Tibbetts, S.G., & Myers, D.L. (1999). Low self-control, rational choice, and student test cheating. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 23, 179-200.
56.
Tyler, T.R., & Huo, Y.J. (2002). Trust in the law: Encouraging public cooperation with the police and courts. New York: Russell Sage.
57.
Wade, J. (2004). The music industry's war on piracy. Risk Management, 51, 10-16.
58.
Wagner, S.C., & Sanders, G.L. (2001). Considerations in ethical decision-making and software piracy. Journal of Business Ethics, 29, 161-167.
59.
Wall, D.S. (2005). The Internet as a conduit for criminal activity . In A. Pattavina (Ed.), Information technology and the criminal justice system (pp. 78-94). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
60.
Wright, B.R.E., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., & Paternoster, R. (2004). Does the perceived risk of punishment deter criminally prone individuals? Rational choice, self-control, and crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 447-464.
61.
Yu, J., & Liska, A. (1993). The certainty of punishment: A reference group effect and its functional form. Criminology, 31, 447-464.
