One percent of elderly people living outside of institutions have spontaneous dyskinesia. Patients in institutions have an average prevalence of 5% for this disorder, with some rates as high as 37%. It is possible that many institutional cases are in fact occult tardive dyskinesia related to past antipsychotic drug use. A survey of an institutional sample of elderly pa tients revealed a much higher rate of past exposure to antipsychotics (86%) than of current use (26%) in organically im paired patients. Despite a high prevalence of dyskinesia, no cases were found without past exposure to antipsychotics. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990;3:208-211).
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Jeste DV, Wyatt RJ: Understanding and treating tardive dyskinesia. New York , Guilford Press, 1982.
2.
Weiner WJ, Klawans HL: Lingual facial buccal movements in the elderly. II: Pathogenesis and relationship to senile chorea. J Am Geriatr Soc1973;21:318-320.
3.
Barnes TR, Rossor M., Trauer T.: A comparison of purposeless movements in psychiatric patients treated with antipsychotic drugs, and normal individuals. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr1983;46:540-546.
4.
Guy W.: ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC, US Department of Health, Education and Welfare . 1976;534-537.
5.
Bergen JA, Griffiths DA, Rey JM, et al: Tardive dyskinesia: Fluctuating patient or fluctuating rater. Br J Psychiatr1984;144:498-502.
6.
Casey DE: Spontaneous and tardive dyskinesia: Clinical and laboratory studies. J Clin Psychiatr1985;46:42-47.
7.
Smith JM, Baldessarini RJ: Changes in prevalence, severity and recovery in tardive dyskinesia with age . Arch Gen Psychiatr1980;37:1368-1373.
8.
Kane JM, Smith JM: Tardive dyskinesia prevalence and risk factors, 1959-1979. Arch Gen Psychiatr1982;39:473-481.
9.
Ramsay FM, Millard PH: Tardive dyskinesia in the elderly. Age andAgeing1986;15:145-150.
10.
Blowers AJ, Borison RL, Blowers CM, et al: Abnormal involuntary movements in the elderly. Br J Psychiatr1981;139:363-366.
11.
Delwaide PJ , Desseilles M.: Spontaneous buccolinguofacial dyskinesia in the elderly. Acta Neurolog Scand1977;56:256-262.
12.
Bourgeois M. , Bouilh P., et al: Spontaneous dyskinesia vs. neuroleptic-induced dyskinesia in 270 elderly subjects. J Nerv Mental Dis1980;168:177-178.
13.
Brandon S., McClelland HA, Protheroe C.: A study of facial dyskinesia in a mental hospital population. Br J Psychiatr1971;118:171-184.
14.
Varga E., Sugerman AA, Varga V., et al: Prevalence of spontaneous oral dyskinesia in the elderly. Am J Psychiatr1982;139:329-331.
15.
Lieberman J. , Kane JM, Woerner M., et al: Prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in elderly samples. Psychopharmacol Bull1984 ;20:283.
16.
Kane JM, Weinhold P., Wegner J., et al: Prevalence of abnormal involuntary movements in the normal elderly . Psychopharmacology, 1982;77:105-108.
17.
D'Allessandro R., Benassi G., Cristina E., et al. The prevalence of lingual-facial-buccal dyskinesias in the elderly. Neurology1986 ;36:1350-1351.
18.
Koller WC: Edentulous orodyskinesia. Ann Neurol1983;13:97-99.
19.
Molsa PK, Marttila RJ, Rinne UK: Extrapyramidal signs in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology1984;34:1114-1116.
20.
Molsa PK, Sako E., Palijarvi L., et al: Alzheimer's Disease: neuropathological correlates of cognitive and motor disorders. Acta Neurolog Scand1987 ;75:376-384.
