To assess the frequency of somatization and its association with motor, nonmotor symptoms, and quality of life in persons with Parkinson disease (PD).
Methods:
A cross-sectional case–control study was carried out. Assessments included the List of 90 Symptoms somatic factor (SCL-90-R SOM), Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Ratings Scale (MDS-UPDRS), Non-Motor Symptom Scale (NMSS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Parkinson Questionnaire-8 (PDQ-8).
Results:
A total 93 persons with PD and 93 controls were included. Somatization within the PD group was 2 times more frequent compared to the control group (43% vs 21.5%, P = .003). Persons with PD had higher NMSS total scores (48.6 ± 42.6 vs 28.3 ± 30.4, P = .001). Patients with PD with somatization had worst MDS-UPDRS, NMSS, MoCA, and PDQ-8 (all P < .05).
Conclusion:
Somatization is more frequent in persons with PD compared to healthy controls. Somatization in PD is associated with nonmotor symptoms and worst quality of life.
WeintraubDMamikonyanE. The neuropsychiatry of Parkinson disease: a perfect storm. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019;27(9):998–1018. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.03.002.
4.
LipowskiZJ. Somatization: the experience and communication of psychological distress as somatic symptoms. Psychother Psychosom. 1987;47(3-4):160–167. doi:10.1159/000288013.
5.
CarrozzinoDBechPPatiernoC, et al.Somatization in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2017;78:18–26. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.05.011.
6.
PostumaRBBergDSternM, et al.MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30(12):1591–1601. doi:10.1002/mds.26424.
7.
DerogatisLRClearyPA. Factorial invariance across gender for the primary symptom dimensions of the SCL-90-R. Br J Soc Clin Psychol. 1977;16(4):347–356.
8.
OnofrjMBonanniLManzoliLThomasA. Cohort study on somatoform disorders in Parkinson disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology. 2010;74(20):1598–1606. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181df09dd.
9.
SiriCCiliaRDe GaspariD, et al.Psychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease assessed with the SCL-90 R self-reported questionnaire. Neurol Sci. 2010;31(1):35–40. doi:10.1007/s10072-009-0165-0.
10.
BugalhoPDa SilvaJACargaleiroISerraMNetoB. Psychiatric symptoms screening in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 2012;259(1):124–131. doi:10.1007/s00415-011-6140-8.
11.
CarrozzinoDMorbergBMSiriCPezzoliGBechP. Evaluating psychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease by a clinimetric analysis of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018;81:131–137. doi:0.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.10.024.
12.
CarrozzinoDSiriCBechP. The prevalence of psychological distress in Parkinson’s disease patients: the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) versus the Hopkins symptom checklist (SCL-90-R). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019;88:96–101. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.07.012.
13.
Martinez-MartinPRodriguez-BlazquezCAlvarez-SanchezM, et al.Expanded and independent validation of the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS). J Neurol. 2013;260(1):228–236. doi:10.1007/s00415-012-6624. -1.
14.
JenkinsonCFitzpatrickRPetoVGreenhallRHymanN. The PDQ-8: development and validation of a short-form Parkinson’s disease questionnaire. Psychol Health. 2007;12(6):805–814. doi:10.1080/08870449708406741.
15.
ChaudhuriKRMartinez-MartinPBrownRG, et al.The metric properties of a novel non-motor symptoms scale for Parkinson’s disease: results from an international pilot study. Mov Disord. 2007;22(13):1901–1911. doi:10.1002/mds.21596.
16.
Martinez-MartinPSkorvanekMRojo-AbuinJM, et al.Validation study of the hoehn and yahr scale included in the MDS-UPDRS. Mov Disord. 2018;33(4):651–652. doi:10.1002/mds.27242.
17.
Aguilar-NavarroSGMimenza-AlvaradoAJPalacios-GarcíaAASamudio-CruzAGutiérrez-GutiérrezLAÁvila-FunesJA. Validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) for the detection of cognitive impairment in Mexico. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2018;47(4):237–243. doi:10.1016/j.rcp.2017.05.003.
18.
GuzmánRE. Trastorno por somatización: su abordaje en Atención Primaria. Rev Clin Med Fam. 2011;4(3):234–243. doi:10.4321/S1699-695X2011000300009.
19.
FrancesA. The new somatic symptom disorder in DSM-5 risks mislabeling many people as mentally ill. BMJ. 2013;346:f1580. doi:10.1136/bmj.f1580.
20.
CosciFFavaGA. The clinical inadequacy of the DSM-5 classification of somatic symptom and related disorders: an alternative trans-diagnostic model. CNS Spectr. 2016;21(4):310–317. doi:10.1017/S1092852915000760.
21.
KurlansikSLMaffeiMS. Somatic symptom disorder. Am Fam Physician. 2016;93(1):49–54A.
22.
Van DrielTJWHilderinkPHHanssenDJCDe BoerPRosmalenJGMOude VoshaarRC. Assessment of somatization and medically unexplained symptoms in later life. Assessment. 2018;25(3):374–393. doi:10.1177/1073191117721740.
23.
AndersonKEGruber-BaldiniALVaughanCG, et al.Impact of psychogenic movement disorders versus Parkinson’s on disability, quality of life, and psychopathology. Mov Disord. 2007;22(15):2204–2209. doi:10.1002/mds.21687.
24.
TaoYLiangG. Effect of subthalamic nuclei electrical stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2015;71(1):113–117. doi:10.1007/s12013-014-0169-0.
25.
AbrahamDSGruber-BaldiniALHarringtonDShulmanLM. The factor structure of the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) in Parkinson disease patients. J Psychosom Res. 2017;96:21–26. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.03.002.
26.
CrimliskHLBhatiaKCopeHDavidAMarsdenCDRonMA. Slater revisited: 6 year follow up study of patients with medically unexplained motor symptoms. BMJ. 1998;316(7131):582–586.
27.
NützelADahlhausAFuchsA, et al.Self-rated health in multimorbid older general practice patients: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Fam Pract. 2014;15:1. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-15. -1.
28.
LianTHGuoPZuoLJ, et al.An investigation on the clinical features and neurochemical changes in Parkinson’s disease with depression. Front Psychiatry. 2019;9:723. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00723.
29.
ZhuJLuLPanY, et al.Depression and associated factors in nondemented Chinese patients with Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2017;163:142–148. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.10.031.
30.
AarslandDTaylorJPWeintraubD. Psychiatric issues in cognitive impairment. Mov Disord. 2014;29(5):651–662. doi:10.1002/mds25873.
31.
ValkovicPHarsanyJHanakovaMMartinkovaJBenetinJ. Nonmotor symptoms in early- and advanced-stage Parkinson’s disease patients on dopaminergic therapy: how do they correlate with quality of life?ISRN Neurol. 2014;2014:587302. doi:10.1155/2014/587302.
32.
RobottomBJGruber-BaldiniALAndersonKE, et al.What determines resilience in patients with Parkinson’s disease?Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18(2):174–177. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.09.021.
33.
CarrozzinoD. Clinimetric approach to rating scales for the assessment of apathy in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019;94:109641. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109641.
