Serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (s-ICAM-1) and soluble E-selectin (s-ELAM-1) were evaluated in 25 patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 54 patients with noninflammatory neurological diseases (NIND), and 15 control subjects. Patients with AD had a higher s-ICAM-1 level compared with the NIND patients and the control subjects (P< .001 and P< .04, respectively). The presence of high s-ICAM-1 values may be related to immunological processes involved in pathogenetic mechanisms of AD. The not statistically significant values of (s-ELAM-1), a glycoprotein considered an exclusive marker of endothelial activation, compared with the NIND patients and healthy subjects (P< .47 and P< .17, respectively), seem to suggest the neural rather than the endothelial s-ICAM origin in patients with AD.
1. Verbeek MM, Otte-Holler I, Westphal JR, et al. Accumulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in senile plaques in brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Pathol. 1991;144:104-116.
2.
2. Hussain L, Powell D, Howlett D, et al. Identification of a novel aspartic protease (Asp2) as [beta]-secretase. Mol Cell Neurosci. 1999;14:419-427.
3.
3. Uchikado H, Akiyama H, Kondo H, et al. Activation of vascular endothelial cells and perivascular cells by systemic inflammation—an immunohistochemical study of postmortem human brain tissues. Acta Neuropathol. 2004;107:341-351.
4.
4. Eikelenboom P, Hoogendijk WJG, Jonker C, van Tilburg W.Immunological mechanisms and the spectrum of psychiatric syndromes in Alzheimer’s disease. J Psychiatr Res. 2002;36:269-280.
5.
5. Blalock JE. The syntax of immune-neuroendocrine communication. Immunol Today. 1994;15:504-511.
6.
6. Shoji M, Hirai S, Yamaguchi H, et al. Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin is present in diffuse senile plaques. Am J Pathol. 1991;138:247-257.
7.
7. Strauss S, Bauer J, Ganter U, et al. Detection of interleukin-6 and a-2-macroglobulin immunoreactivity in cortex and hippocampus of Alzheimer disease patients. Lab Invest. 1992;66:223-230.
8.
8. Vandenabeele P, Fiers W.Is amyloidogenesis during Alzheimer’s disease due to an IL-1/IL-6-mediated “acute phase response” in the brain?Immunol Today. 1991;12:217-219.
10. Eikelenboom P, Zhan S-S, van Gool WA, Allsop D.Inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1994;15:447-450.
11.
11. McGeer PL, McGeer EG. The inflammatory response system of brain: implications for therapy of Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Rev. 1995;21:195-218.
12.
12. Akiyama H, Barger S, Barnum S, et al. Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2000;21:383-421.
13.
13. Vallet PG, Guntern R, Hof RR, et al. A comparative study of histological and immunohistochemical methods for neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 1992;83:170-178.
14.
14. Dickson DW, Farlo J, Davies P, et al. Alzheimer’s disease: a double-labeling immunohistochemical study of senile plaques. Am J Pathol. 1988;132:86-101.
15.
15. Rothlein R, Mainofi EA, Czajkowski M, Marlin SD. A form of circulating ICAM-1 in human sera. J Immunol. 1991;147:3788-3793.
16.
16. Harning R, Mainofi E, Bystryn J-C, et al. Serum levels of circulating intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in human malignant melanoma. Cancer Res. 1991;51:5003-5005.
17.
17. Nobuyuki O, Akiguchi I, Kawasaki T, et al. Elevated serum levels of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules in Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Ann Neurol. 1994;35:621-624.
18.
18. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services task force on Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1984;34:939-944.
19.
19. Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjunti T, et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDSAIREN International Workshop. Neurology. 1993;43:250-260.
20.
20. Hachinski VC, Iliff LD, Zilh E, et al. Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Arch Neurol. 1975;32:632-637.
21.
21. Dore-Duffy P, Neuman W, Balabanov R, et al. Circulating, soluble adhesion proteins in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with multiple sclerosis: correlation with clinical activity. Ann Neurol. 1995;26:368-376.
22.
22. Jander S, Heidenreich F, Stoll G.Serum and CSF levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecules-1 (ICAM-1) in inflammatory neurologic diseases. Neurology. 1993;43:1809-1813.
23.
23. Tsukada N, Miyaagi K, Matsuda M, Yanagisawa N.Increased levels of circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in multiple sclerosis and human T-lymphotrophic virus type-1-associated myelopathy. Ann Neurol. 1993;33:591-596.
24.
24. Trojano M, Avolio C, Ruggieri M, et al. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. Mult Scler. 1998;4:39-44.
25.
25. Musso AM, Zanusso GL, Bonazzi ML, et al. Increased serum levels of ICAM-1, ELAM-1 and TNF-alpha in inflammatory disorders of the peripheral nervous system. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1994;15:267-271.
26.
26. Akiyama H, Kawamata T, Yamada T, et al. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 by subset of astrocytes in Alzheimer disease and some other degenerative disorders. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1993;85:628-634.
27.
27. Frohman EM, Frohman TC, Gupta S, et al. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 1991;106:105-111.
28.
28. Itagaki S, McGeer PL, Akiyama H.Presence of T-cytotoxic suppressor and leucocyte common antigen-positive cells in Alzheimer’s disease brain tissue. Neurosci Lett. 1988;91:259-264.
29.
29. Dinarello CA. Interleukin-1, interleukin-1 receptors and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Int Rev Immunol. 1998;16:457-499.
30.
30. Licastro F, Pedrini S, Caputo L, et al. Increased plasma levels of interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and a-1-antichymotrypsin in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: peripheral inflammation or signals from the brain?J Neuroimmunol. 2000;103:97-102.
31.
31. Wood JA, Wood PL, Ryan R, et al. Cytokine indices in Alzheimer’s temporal cortex: no changes in mature IL-1ß or IL-1RA but increases in the associated acute phase proteins IL-6, a2-macroglobulin and C-reactive protein. Brain Res. 1993;629:245-252.
32.
32. Iwamoto N, Nishiyama E, Ohwada J, Arai H.Demonstration of CRP immunoreactivity in brains of Alzheimer’s disease: immunohistochemical study using formic acid pre-treatment of tissue sections. Neurosci Lett. 1994;177:23-26.
33.
33. Itagaki S, Sato M.Blood levels of serum amyloid A and Creactive protein in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurol Psych Brain Res. 1997;5:35-36.
34.
34. Guo JT, Yu J, Grass D, et al. Inflammation-dependent cerebral deposition of serum amyloid A protein in a mouse model of amyloidosis. J Neurosci. 2002;22:5900-5909.
35.
35. Elovaara I, Maury CPJ, Palo J.Serum amyloid A protein, albumin and prealbumin in Alzheimer’s disease and in demented patients with Down’s syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand. 1986;74:245-250.
36.
36. Kindy MS, Yu J, Guo JT, Zhu H.Apolipoprotein serum amyloid A in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 1999;1:155-167.
37.
37. Liang J, Sloane JA, Wells JM, et al. Evidence for local production of acute phase response apolipoprotein serum amyloid A in Alzheimer’s disease brain. Neurosci Lett. 1997;225:73-76.
38.
38. Lee YB, Nagai A, Kim SU. Cytokines, chemokines and cytokine receptors in human microglia. J Neurosci Res. 2002;69:94-103.
39.
39. El Khoury J, Hickman SE, Thomas CA, et al. Microglia, scavenger receptors, and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 1998;19:S81-S84.
40.
40. Kreutzberg GW. Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS. Trends Neurosci. 1996;19:312-318.
41.
41. Thomas WE. Brain macrophages: evaluation of microglia and their functions. Brain Res Rev. 1992;17:61-74.
42.
42. Akiyama H, Arai T, Kondo H, et al. Cell mediators of inflammation in the Alzheimer disease brain. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2000;14(suppl):S47-S53.
43.
43. Boyle EA, McGeer PL. Cellular immune response in multiple sclerosis plaques. Am J Pathol. 1990;137:575-584.
44.
44. Frohman EM, Frohman TC, Dustin ML, et al. Induction of ICAM-1 expression on human fetal astrocytes by interferon-γ tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin 1: relevance to intracerebral antigen presentation. J Neuroimmunol. 1989;23:117-124.
45.
45. McGeer PL, Kawamata T, Walker DG, Akiyama H, Tooyama I, McGeer EG. Microglia in degenerative neurological disease. Glia. 1993;7:84-92.
46.
46. Chamorro A.Role of inflammation in stroke and atherothrombosis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;17(suppl 3):1-5.
47.
47. Castillo J, Rodriguez I.Biochemical changes and inflammatory response as markers brain ischemia: molecular markers of diagnostic utility and prognosis in human clinical practice. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;17(suppl 1):7-18.
48.
48. Lynch JR, Blessing R, White WD, Grocott HP, Newman MF, Laskowitz DT. Novel diagnostic test for acute stroke. Stroke. 2004;35:57-68.
49.
49. Etminan M, Gill S, Samii A.Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on risk of Alzheimer’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ. 2003;327:128-128.
50.
50. in t’Veld BA, Ruitenberg A, Hofman A, et al. Non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1515-1521.
51.
51. McGeer PL, Schulzer M, McGeer EG. Arthritis and anti-inflammatory agents as possible protective factors for Alzheimer’s disease: a review of 17 epidemiologic studies. Neurology. 1996;47:425-432.
52.
52. Lechman JM, Lenhard JM, Oliver BB, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma are activated by indomethacin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:3406-3410.
53.
53. Ricote M, Li AC, Wilson TM, et al. The peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-gamma is a negative regulator of macrophage activation. Nature. 1998;391:79-82.
54.
54. Leveugle B, Fillit H.Proteoglycans and the acute-phase response in Alzheimer’s disease brain. Mol Neurobiol. 1994;9:25-32.
