Using Connell's theory of gender and power, this article explores the gender regime of lawn bowls, which is played predominantly by older people. The sport is characterized by men's exploitation of women's labor, heterosexual coupledom, and the desexualization of women. A “woman's place” both on and off the playing field is clearly delineated in terms of otherness, especially as an altruistic wife, mother, and grandmother; consequently, men can bowl relatively freely, whereas women's leisure is constrained by their facilitation of men's interests.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adler, Patricia
, and Peter Adler. 1987. Membership roles in field research.Newbury Park, Calif: Sage.
2.
Bryson, Lois.1987. Sport and the maintenance of masculine hegemony.Women's Studies International Forum10:349-60.
3.
Bryson, Lois.
1989. Sport: A feminist perspective. In Sportswomen toward 2000: A celebration, edited by K. Dyer. Adelaide: Hyde Park.
4.
Carroll, Jak.1991. Lawn bowls: Long history and bright future.Sport Report11:6-7.
5.
Connell, R. W.
1983. Which way is up? Essays on sex, class, and culture.Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
6.
Connell, R. W.
1987. Gender and power.Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
7.
Connell, R. W.1990a. The state, gender, and sexual politics: Theory and appraisal.Theory and Society19:507-44.
8.
Connell, R. W.
1990b. An iron man: The body and some contradictions of hegemonic masculinity. In Sport, men, and the gender order: Critical feminist perspectives, edited by M. Messner and D. Sabo. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
9.
Connell, R. W.1993. The big picture: Masculinities in recent world history.Theory and Society22:597-623.
10.
Davies, Christie.1982. Sexual taboos and social boundaries.American Journal of Sociology87:1032-63.
11.
Deem, Rosemary.
1986. All work and no play: The sociology of women's leisure.Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
12.
Dempsey, Ken.
1986. Gender relations: Examination of social closure by men against women.La Trobe Working Papers in Sociology.Bundoora, Victoria: La Trobe University.
13.
Dempsey, Ken.1989a. Women's leisure, men's leisure: A study in subordination and exploitation.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology25:27-45.
14.
Dempsey, Ken.1989b. Gender exploitation and the domestic division of labour amongst the elderly: An Australian case study.Australian Journal on Ageing8:3-10.
15.
Dilorio, Judith.1990. Feminism, gender, and the ethnographic study of sport.Arena Review1:49-60.
16.
Friedman, Ariella.1987. Getting powerful with age: Changes in women over the lifecycle.Israel Social Science Research5:76-86.
17.
Greer, Germaine.
1991. The change: Women, ageing, and the menopause.London: Hamish Hamilton.
18.
Hearn, Jeff
, and Wendy Parkin. 1987. Sex at work: The power and paradox of organization sexuality.New York: St. Martin's.
19.
Hearn, Jeff
, Deborah Sheppard, Peta Tancred Sheriff, and Gibson Burrell, eds. 1990. The sexuality of organisation.London: Sage.
20.
Henderson, Karla.1991. The contribution of feminism to an understanding of leisure constraints.Journal of Leisure Research23:363-77.
21.
Howell, Reet
, and Maxwell Howell. 1992. The genesis of sport in Queensland.St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press.
22.
Land, Hilary
, and Hilary Rose. 1985. Compulsory altruism for some or altruistic society for all? In In defence of welfare, edited by P. Bean, J. Ferris, and D. Whynes. London: Tavistock.
23.
Mason, Jennifer.
1987. A bed of roses? Women, marriage and inequality in later life. In Women and the lifecycle: Transitions and turning points, edited by P. Allatt. New York: St. Martin's.
24.
Mason, Jennifer.
1988. No peace for the wicked: Older married women and leisure. In Relative freedoms, edited by E. Wimbush and M. Talbot. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
25.
McKay, Jim.
1990. Sport, leisure, and social inequality in Australia. In Sport and leisure: Trends in Australian popular culture, edited by D. Rowe and G. Lawrence. Sydney: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
26.
Sport, leisure
1991. No pain, no gain? Sport and Australian culture.Sydney: Prentice Hall.
27.
Sport, leisure
1992. Sport and the social construction of gender. In Society and gender: An introduction to sociology, edited by G. Lupton, P. Short, and R. Whip. Sydney: Macmillan.
28.
Sport, leisure1993. `Marked men' and `wanton women': The politics of naming sexual `deviance' in sport.Journal of Men's Studies2:69-87.
29.
Sport, leisure1994a. Masculine hegemony, the state, and the incorporation of gender equity discourse: The case of Australian sport.Australian Journal of Political Science29:82-95.
30.
Sport, leisure1994b. Embodying the `new' sporting woman.Hecate20:68-83.
31.
Messner, Michael.1990. When bodies are weapons: Masculinity and violence in sport.International Review for the Sociology of Sport25:203-19.
32.
Morelle, Lettie.
1980. The first fifty years: A brief history of the growth and development of the Queensland Ladies Bowling Association, 1930-1980.Brisbane: QLBA.
33.
Rich, Adrienne.
1980. Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian experience. In Women, sex, and sexuality, edited by C. Simpson and E. Person. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
34.
Richardson, Merle.
1988. Bowls for everyone.Crows Nest, New South Wales: ABC Enterprises.
35.
Russell, Cherie.1987. Ageing as a feminist issue.Women's Studies International Forum10:125-32.
36.
Sontag, Susan.
1972. The double standard of ageing.Saturday Review, 23 September.
37.
Szinovacz, Maximiliane.
1982. Women's retirement: Policy implications of recent research.Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage.
38.
Theberge, Nancy.1985. Towards a feminist alternative to sport as a male preserve.Quest37:193-202.
39.
Thompson, Shona.1990. “Thank the ladies for the plates”: The incorporation of women into sport.Leisure Studies9:135-43.
40.
Thompson, Shona.
1991. “Mum's taxi”: Gendered servicing of sport. Paper presented at the Australian Sociological Association Annual Conference, Perth.
41.
Thompson, Shona.1992. “Mum's tennis day”: The gendered definition of older women's leisure.Loisir et Sociètè/Society and Leisure15:271-89.
42.
Trujillo, Nick.1991. Hegemonic masculinity on the mound: Media representations of Nolan Ryan and American sports culture.Critical Studies in Mass Communication8:290-308.
43.
Woodward, D.
, E. Green, and S. Hebron.1989. The sociology of women's leisure and physical recreation: Constraints and opportunities.International Review for the Sociology of Sport24:121-36.