The feminist goal of challenging inequality requires distinctive methods such as combining social action with research and using participatory approaches. These methods strengthen scientific standards of good evidence and open debate, but they conflict with elitism and careerism in academia and hence are rarely used. Nonhierarchical structures must be created.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Acker, Joan.
1989. Doing comparable worth: Gender, class, and pay equity.Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
2.
Ariel, Joan
, Cathy Armstead, Linda Bayley, Ellen Broidy, Carole Browner, Francesca Cancian, Thea Cremers, Sarah Fenstermaker, Nancy Gallagher, Angela James, Kate Norberg, Deborah Mindry, Julie Raiskin, Karen Brodkin Sacks, and Mary Smith. 1991. Draft proposal for a University of California Feminist Graduate Program.University of California, Los Angeles, UC Council of Women's Programs.
3.
Bernstein, Richard J.
1983. Beyond objectivism and relativism: Science, hermeneutics, and praxis.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
4.
Bonacich, Edna.1989. Marxism in the university: A search for consciousness.Berkeley Journal of Sociology34:65-79.
5.
Bookman, Ann.
1988. Unionization in an electronics factory: The interplay of gender, ethnicity, and class. In Women and the politics of empowerment, edited by Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgen. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
6.
Bowles, Gloria
, and Renate Duelli-Klein, eds. 1983. Theories of women's studies.London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
7.
Cancian, Francesca
, and Cathleen Armstead. Forthcoming. Participatory research. In Encyclopedia of sociology, edited by Edgar and Marie Borgatta. New York: Macmillan.
8.
Chafetz, Janet Saltzman.
1990. Some thoughts by an unrepentant “positivist” who considers herself a feminist nonetheless. Paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, Washington, DC, August.
9.
Christian, Barbara.1988. The race for theory.Feminist Studies14:67-79.
10.
Collins, Patricia Hill.1989. The social construction of Black feminist thought.Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society14:745-73.
11.
Collins, Patricia Hill.
1990. Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment.Boston: Unwin Hyman.
12.
Cook, Judith A.
, and Mary M. Fonow.1986. Knowledge and women's interests: Issues of epistemology and methodology in feminist sociological research.Sociological Inquiry56:2-29.
13.
Danziger, Sheldon
, and Peter Gottschalk, eds. 1991. Increasing income inequality: What matters and what doesn't.New York: Russell Sage.
14.
Devault, Marjorie L.1990. Talking and listening from women's standpoint: Feminist strategies for interviewing and analysis.Social Problems37:96-116.
15.
Fay, Brian.
1975. Social theory and political practice.London: Allen & Unwin.
16.
Feyerabend, Paul K.
1975. Against method.London: Verso.
17.
Fishman, Pamela.1978. Interaction: The work women do.Social Problems25:397-406.
18.
Fonow, Mary Margaret
, and Judith A. Cook, eds. 1991. Beyond methodology: Feminist scholarship as lived research.Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
19.
Freire, Paulo.
1970. Pedagogy of the oppressed.New York: Continuum.
20.
Gaventa, John
, and Billy Horton.1981. A citizen's research project in Appalachia, USA.Convergence14:30-40.
21.
Glenn, Evelyn Nakano.
1986. Issei, Nisei, war bride: Three generations of Japanese American women in domestic service.Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
22.
Haraway, Donna.1988. Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective.Feminist Studies14:575-99.
23.
Haraway, Donna.
1989. Primate visions: Gender, race, and nature in the world of modern science.New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
24.
Harding, Sandra.
1986. The science question in feminism.Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
25.
Harding, Sandra.
1987. Introduction: Is there a feminist method? In Feminism and methodology, edited by Sandra Harding. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press.
Hawkesworth, Mary E.1989. Knowers, knowing, known: Feminist theory and claims of truth.Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society14:533-57.
28.
hooks, bell.
1984. Feminist theory: From margin to center.Boston: South End Press.
29.
Hull, Gloria T.
, and Barbara Smith. 1982. Introduction: The politics of Black women's studies. In But some of us are brave, edited by Gloria Hull, Patricia Bell Scott, and Barbara Smith. Old Westbury, NY: Feminist Press.
30.
Kleiber, Nancy
, and Linda Light. 1978. Caring for ourselves: An alternative structure for health care.Vancouver: University of British Columbia, School of Nursing.
31.
Lather, Patti.1986. Research as praxis.Harvard Educational Review56:257-77.
32.
Levy, Frank.
1988. Dollars and dreams: The changing American income distribution.New York: Norton.
33.
Light, Linda
, and Nancy Kleiber. 1981. Interactive research in a feminist setting: The Vancouver women's health collective. In Anthropologists at home in North America, edited by Donald Messerschmidt. New York: Cambridge University Press.
34.
Longino, Helen E.
1990. Science as social knowledge.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
35.
Maguire, Patricia.
1987. Doing participatory research: A feminist approach.Amherst, MA: University of Massachusettes, School of Education, Center for International Education.
36.
Mannheim, Karl.
1936. Ideology and utopia.New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
37.
Mascia-Lees
, Frances E., Patricia Sharpe, and Colleen Ballerino Cohen.1989. The postmodernist turn in anthropology: Cautions from a feminist perspective.Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society15:7-33.
38.
Mies, Maria.
1983. Towards a methodology for feminist research. In Theories of women's studies, edited by Gloria Bowles and Renate Duelli-Klein. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
39.
Millman, Marcia
, and Rosabeth Moss Kanter, eds. 1975. Another voice.Garden City, NY: Anchor.
40.
Moraga, Cherrie
, and Gloria Anzaldua, eds. 1983. This bridge called my back: Writings by radical women of color.2d ed.New York: Kitchen Table Women of Color Press.
41.
National Women's Studies Association Task Force.
1991. Liberal learning and the women's studies major.Washington, DC: National Women's Studies Association.
42.
Nebraska Sociological Feminist Collective.
1988. A feminist ethic for social science research.Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen.
43.
Nielsen, Joyce McCarl.
1990. Introduction. In Feminist research methods, edited by Joyce Nielsen. Boulder, CO: Westview.
44.
Oakley, Ann.
1981. Interviewing women: A contradiction in terms. In Doing feminist research, edited by Helen Roberts. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
45.
Park, Peter
, Budd Hall, Ted Jackson, and Mary Brydon-Miller, eds. Forthcoming. Knowledge and social change: Participatory research in North America.South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey.
46.
Peplau, Letita Anne
, and Eva Conrad.1990. Beyond nonsexist research: The perils of “feminist methods” in psychology.Psychology of Women Quarterly13:379-400.
47.
Reason, Peter
, and John Rowan, eds. 1981. Human inquiry: A sourcebook of new paradigm research.New York: Wiley.
48.
Reichenbach, Hans.
1938. Experience and prediction.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
49.
Reinharz, Shulamit.
1983. Experience analysis: A contribution to feminist research. In Theories of women's studies, edited by Gloria Bowles and Renate Duelli-Klein. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
50.
Smith, Dorothy E.
1979. A sociology for women. In The prism of sex: Essays in the sociology of knowledge, edited by Julia Sherman and Evelyn Beck. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
51.
Smith, Dorothy E.
1987. The everyday world as problematic: A feminist sociology.Boston: Northeastern University Press.
52.
Sprague, Joey
, and Mary K. Zimmerman.1989. Quality and quantity: Reconstructing feminist methodology.American Sociologist20:71-86.
53.
Sprague, Joey
, and Mary K. Zimmerman. Forthcoming. Overcoming dualisms: A feminist agenda for sociological methodology. In Theory on gender/Feminism on theory, edited by Paula England. New York: Aldine.
54.
Stanley, Liz
, and Sue Wise. 1983. Breaking out: Feminist consciousness and feminist research.London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
55.
Weber, Max.
1949. The methodology of the social sciences. Translated and edited by Edward Shils and Henry Finch. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
56.
Weitzman, Lenore.
1985. The divorce revolution: The unexpected social and economic consequences for women and children in America.New York: Free Press.
