Surveying job segmentation within nursing, this article analyzes attempts by professional registered nurses and nursing educators to resist the deskilling of nursing. In so doing, they have reinforced race and class segmentation within nursing. The article concludes with a discussion of class, race, and gender stratification and suggests that resistance to deskilling may reinforce inequalities among women.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
American Nurses Association.
1981. ANA's economic and general welfare program.Kansas City, MO: ANA.
2.
Are nurses self-seeking?1921. American Journal of Nursing22:73-74.
3.
Ashley, Joan.
1976. Hospitals, paternalism, and the role of the nurse.New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.
4.
Baron, Ava.
1987. Contested terrain revisited: Technology and gender definitions of work in the printing industry, 1850-1920. In Women, work and technology, edited by B. D. Wrightet al.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
5.
Berthgold, Linda.1987. Business and the pushcart vendors in the age of supermarkets.International Journal of Health Services17:7-26.
6.
Blau, Francine
, and Wallace Hendricks.1979. Occupational segregation by sex: Trends and prospects.Journal of Human Resources14:197-210.
7.
Bonacich, Edna.1972. A theory of ethnic antagonism: The split labor market.American Sociological Review37:547-59.
8.
Braverman, Harry M.
1974. Labor and monopoly capital: The degradation of work in the twentieth century.New York: Monthly Review Press.
9.
Brown, Esther L.
1948. Nursing for the future.New York: Russell Sage.
10.
Brown, Esther L.
1970. Nursing reconsidered.Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.
11.
Buhler-Wilkerson, Karen.
1983. False dawn: The rise and decline of public health nursing in America, 1900-1930. In Nursing history, edited by E. Langemann. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.
12.
Bullough, Vern
, and Bonnie Bullough. 1978. The care of the sick.New York: Prodist.
13.
Burgess, May A.
1928. Nurses, patients and pocketbooks.New York: Committee on the Grading of Nursing Schools.
14.
Butter, Irene
, Eugenia Carpenter, Bonnie Kay, and Ruth Simmons. 1985. Sex and status: Hierarchies in the health workforce.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan School of Public Health.
15.
Cockburn, Cynthia.
1984. Brothers.London: Pluto.
16.
Cohn, Samuel.
1985. The process of occupational sex-typing.Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
17.
Cooper, Patricia.
1987. Once a cigarmaker: Men, women and work culture in American cigar factories, 1900-1919.Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
18.
Edwards, Alba.
1943. Sixteenth census of the United States: 1940.Population: Comparative occupation statistics for the United States, 1870-1940.Washington, DC: GPO.
19.
Fondiller, Shirley H.
1983. The entry dilemma.New York: National League for Nursing.
20.
Gilligan, Carol.
1982. In a different voice.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
21.
Ginzberg, Eli.
1948. A program for the nursing profession.New York: Macmillan.
22.
Glass, Leah
, and Laurel Eisner.1981. CETA as a vehicle to recruit welfare recipients and the unemployed into the home care field.Home Health Services Quarterly2 (Fall): 5-21.
23.
Glazer, Nona Y.1984. Servants to capital: Unpaid domestic labor and paid work.Review of Radical Political Economics16:61-87.
24.
Glazer, Nona Y.1987. Questioning eclectic practice in curriculum change.Signs12:293-304.
25.
Glazer, Nona Y.1988a. Overlooked and overworked: Women's unpaid and paid labor in the American health services “cost crisis.”International Journal of Health Services18:317-39.
26.
Glazer, Nona Y.
1988b. The war on poverty and the war on women: Librarianship, social work, teaching and nursing. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society, Philadelphia.
27.
Glazer, Nona Y.1990. The home as workshop: Women as amateur caregivers in the U.S. health services industry.Gender & Society4:479-99.
28.
Greenwald, Maurine.
1980. Women, war and work: The impact of World War I on women workers in the United States.Westport, CT: Greenwood.
29.
Hartmann, Heidi.1976. Capitalism, patriarchy, and job segregation by sex.Signs1:137-69.
30.
Hartmann, Heidi.1981. The family and household as the locus of gender, class, and political struggle: The example of housework.Signs6:366-94.
31.
Hine, Darlene Clark.
1989. Black women in white: Racial cooperation in the nursing profession, 1890-1950.Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
32.
Hughes, Everett C.
1958. Report of a study of the coordinated program of Radcliffe College and the Massachusetts General Hospital School of Nursing and of its broader implications.Scheslinger Library Archives (BC 778).
33.
Janiewski, Dolores.
1985. Sisterhood denied: Race, gender and class in a new south community.Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
34.
Johnston, Dorothy F.
1966. History and trends of practical nursing.St. Louis: C. V. Mosby.
35.
Keller, Evelyn Fox.1982. Feminism and science.Signs7:589-602.
36.
Langemann, E. E.
, ed. 1983. Nursing history.New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.
37.
Melosh, Barbara.
1982. The physician's hand: Work, culture and conflict in American nursing.Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
38.
Milkman, Ruth.
1987. Gender at work.Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
39.
National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education. 1988. Working toward equity: A report on implementation of the sex equity provisions of the Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act.Washington, DC: NCFWGE.
40.
National League for Nursing. 1972. Licensed practical nurses in nursing services. Pub. No. 38-1457:2. New York: National League Office.
41.
Nishi, Setsuko M.
, and Charles P. Wang.1985. The status of Asian Americans in the health care delivery system in New York.New York Journal of Medicine85:153-56.
42.
Richardson, Alan J.1987. Professionalization and intraprofessional competition in the Canadian accounting profession.Work and Occupations14:591-615.
43.
Sacks, Karen B.
1988. Caring by the hour.Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
44.
Scientific Manpower Commission. 1982. Professional women and minorities: A manpower data resource service.3d ed. Table LS-M/H-36:241. Washington, DC: Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology.
45.
Sexton, Patricia.
1981. The new Nightingales.New York: Enquiry.
46.
Strober, Myra.
1983. Toward a general theory of occupational sex segregation. In Sex segregation in the workplace: Trends, explanations, remedies, edited by B. F. Reskin. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
47.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
1902. Twelfth census of the United States: 1900.Population. Vol. 2, Part 2. Table 84:114. Washington, DC: GPO.
48.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
1914. Thirteenth census of the United States: 1910.Population. Vol. 4. Table VI:428-431. Washington, DC: GPO.
49.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
1923. Fourteenth census of the United States: 1920.Population. Vol. 4. Table 5:356-358. Washington, DC: GPO.
50.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
1933. Fifteenth census of the United States: 1930.Population. Vol. 5. Table 3:84-85. Washington, DC: GPO.
51.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
1943. Sixteenth census of the United States: 1940.Population. Vol. 10. Table 62:88-90. Washington, DC: GPO.
52.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
1953. U.S. census of population: 1950. Vol. 4. Special reports, Part 1, Chapter A. Employment and personal characteristics. Washington, DC: GPO.
53.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
1963a. U.S. census of population: 1960.Subject report: Occupational characteristics. PC (2)-8A. Washington, DC: GPO.
54.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
1963b. U.S. census of population: 1960.Subject reports: Final report. PC (2)-7A, Table 3. Washington, DC: GPO.
55.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
1973a. U.S. census of population: 1970.Subject report: Occupational characteristics. Final Report PC(2)-7A, Table 39:594-809. Washington, DC: GPO.
56.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
1973b. U.S. census of population: 1970.Subject report: Occupational characteristics. PC(2)-7A, June. Table 17:18-19. Washington, DC: GPO.
57.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
1983. Detailed occupation and years of school completed by age for the civilian labor force by sex, race and Spanish origin. SR PC (80-SI-8). March. Washington, DC: GPO.
58.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
1984. U.S. census of population: 1980.Characteristics of the population, Chapter D, Detailed population characteristics. PC80-1-D1-A, Section A. Table 281; Table 278. Washington, DC: GPO.
59.
U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
1967. Health manpower source book. No. 263. Section 2, Nursing personnel. Table 49:29, 32, 34. Washington, DC: GPO.
60.
U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
1974. Overview study of employment and paraprofessionals. U.S. Social and Rehabilitation Service (SRS) 74-05417-April. Washington, DC: GPO.
61.
U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
1986. Fifth report to the President and Congress, on the status of health personnel in the United States. DHHS Pub. no. HRS-P-OD-86-1-March. Washington, DC: GPO.
62.
Wagner, David.1980. The proletarianization of nursing in the United States, 1932-1946.International Journal of Health Services10:271-90.
63.
Walby, Sylvia.
1986. Patriarchy at work.Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
64.
Winslow, C.E.A.
, and Josephine Goldmark. 1923. Nursing and nursing education in the United States [The Goldmark Report]. New York: Macmillan.
