On March 8, 1987, the Sandinista Liberation Front (FSLN, the political party in power in Nicaragua) published its statement on the relation of women's struggles to the Nicaraguan revolution. The author argues that this official statement is consistent with the views of modern feminists on some key points relating to the need to eliminate women's double day, promote women's self-organization, and wage an ideological struggle against sexism if women's subordination is to be eliminated. The author believes that the Sandinista Front's emphasis on ideological struggle and political organization represents an important break with more economistic, orthodox Marxist approaches to analyzing the condition of women and has important implications for Marxist feminism.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AMNLAE.
1981. Balance presentado en el IV anniversario (Balance presented on the fourth anniversary). September.
2.
AMNLAE.
1982. Documentos de la Primara Asamblea Nacional (Documents from the First National Assembly). December.
3.
Anderson, Perry.
1976. Considerations on Western Marxism.London: NLB.
4.
Azici, Max.
1985. Women's development through revolutionary mobilization. In The Cuba reader: The making of revolutionary society, edited by Philip Brenneret al., 457-71. New York: Grove Press.
Bengelsdorf, Carollee.
1986. State and society in the transition to socialism: The theoretical legacy. In Transition and development: Problems of Third World socialism, edited by Richard Fagen, Carmen Diana Deere, and Jose Juis Coraggio, 192-211. New York: Monthly Review Press.
7.
Brenner, Johanna.
1980. Women's self-organization: A Marxist justification.Against the Current Fall: 24-32.
8.
Burbach, Roger
, and Orlando Nuñez. 1987. Fire in the Americas: Forging a revolutionary agenda.New York: Verso.
9.
Barricada Internaçional. 1987. Emancipation for everyone. 26 March.
10.
Chinchilla, Norma Stoltz.1977. Mobilizing women: Revolution in the revolution.Latin American Perspectives4:83-102.
11.
Chinchilla, Norma Stoltz.
1983. Women in revolutionary movements: The case of Nicaragua. In Revolution in Central America, edited by Stanford Central America Action Network, 422-34. Boulder, CO: Westview.
12.
Chinchilla, Norma Stoltz.1985-86. Women in the Nicaraguan revolution.Nicaraguan Perspectives11 (Winter):18-26.
13.
CIERA.
1984. La mujer en las cooperativas agropecuarias en Nicaragua (Women in agricultural cooperatives in Nicaragua). Managua: MIDINRA.
14.
Criquillon, Ana.1988. Acabamos con el mito del sexo debil (Ending the myth of the weaker sex).Terra Nuova Forum13 (June):31-35.
15.
Crummett, Maria de los Angeles.1977. El poder feminino: The mobilization of women against socialism in Chile.Latin American Perspectives4 (Fall):103-13.
16.
Deighton, Jane
, Rossana Horsley, Sarah Stewart, and Cathy Cain. 1983. Sweet ramparts: Women in revolutionary Nicaragua.Birmingham, England: War on Want/Nicaraguan Solidarity Campaign.
Fried, Harry.
1981. Nicaraguan women demand rights: Battling sexism remains a key task.The Guardian. 21 December.
19.
FSLN.
1987. El FSLN y la mujer en la revolucion popular Sandinista (The FSLN and women in the Sandinista popular revolution). Managua: Editorial Vanguardia. 8 March. (Excerpts in English in The Militant, 22 May 1987.)
20.
Galinsky, Seth.
1988. Women farmworkers meet in Nicaragua: Conference urges fight against sexual harassment, for low cost contraception.The Militant. 16 December.
Greet, Germaine.
1985. Cuba. In Women: A world report, 271-92. New York: Oxford University Press.
23.
Hartmann, Heidi.
1981. The unhappy marriage of Marxism and feminism: Toward a more progressive union. In Women and revolution: A discussion of the unhappy marriage of Marxism and feminism, edited by Lydia Sargent, 1-42. Boston: South End Press.
24.
Hodges, Donald C.
1986. Intellectual foundations of the Nicaraguan revolution.Austin: University of Texas Press.
25.
Instituto Historico Centroamericano.
1988. Envio.Washington, DC.February.
26.
Jaquith, Cindy.
1986a. Debaten el derecho al aborto legal (Debate over legalization of abortion).Perspectiva Mundial. January.
27.
Jaquith, Cindy.
1986b. Legalization of abortion discussed.Intercontinental Press. 10 February.
28.
Jaquith, Cindy.
1987. The status of women in Nicaragua today.The Militant. 20 February.
29.
Jaquith, Cindy
, and Roberto Kopec. 1987. Advances, challenges for women in the new Nicaragua.The Militant. 20 November.
30.
Jaquith, Cindy
, and Roberto Kopec. 1988. Como impulsar derechos de la mujer? (How can the rights of women be advanced?)Perspectiva Mundial. January.
31.
Kaplan, Temma.
1981. Female consciousness and collective action: The case of Barcelona, 1910-1981. In Feminist theory: A critique of ideology, edited by Nannerl Keohane, Michelle Rosaldo, and Barbara Gelpi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
32.
Lowy, Michel.
1986. Mass organization, party, and state: Democracy in the transition to socialism. In Transition and development: Problems of Third World socialism, edited by Richard R. Fagen, Carmen Diana Deere, and Jose Luis Coraggio, 264-79. New York: Monthy Review Press.
33.
Maier, Elizabeth.
1980. Nicaragua: La mujer en la revolucion (Nicaragua: Women in the revolution). Managua: Ediciones de Cultura Popular.
34.
Maier, Elizabeth.
1985. Las Sandinistas (The Sandinistas). Managua: Ediciones de Cultura Popular.
35.
McArthur, Harvey.
1986. El pueble debate una nueva constitucion (The people debate a new constitution).Perspectiva Mundial. September.
36.
McArthur, Harvey.
1987a. Nicaraguan women hold national assembly.The Militant 1 May.
37.
McArthur, Harvey.
1987b. Debaten lucha por derechos de la mujer (Debate over the struggle for women's rights).Perspectiva Mundial. July.
38.
McArthur, Harvey.
1988. Brigade is a first for peasant women.The Militant. 19 February.
39.
The Militant. 1987. Revolution opens door to women's equality. 22 May.
40.
Molyneux, Maxine.1982. Socialist societies old and new: Progress toward women's emancipation?Monthly Review34 (3):56-100.
41.
Molyneux, Maxine.
1986. Mobilization without emancipation? Women's interests, state and revolution. In Transition and development: Problems of Third World socialism, edited by Richard R. Fagen, Carmen Diana Deere, and Jose Luis Coraggio, 280-302. New York: Monthly Review Press and Center for the Study of the Americas.
42.
Molyneux, Maxine.1988. The politics of abortion in Nicaragua: Revolutionary pragmatism or feminism in the realm of necessity?Feminist Review29:114-32.
43.
Montenegro, Sofia.
1986. Integran a las mujeres en el ejercito (Women join the army).Perspectiva Mundial. 23 June.
44.
Murguialday Martinez, Clara.
1987. Ser mujer en Nicaragua: Testimonios de mujeres haciendo revolucion (To be a woman in Nicaragua: Testimonies of women who are making revolution). Montevideo: Imprenta Cunatai.
45.
Murguialday Martinez, Clara.1988. Una brecha en el muro del machismo: Diez anos de lucha de las mujeres Nicaraguenses (A break in the wall of machismo: Ten years of struggle by Nicaraguan women).Terra Nuova Forum13 (June):9-65.
46.
Murray, Nicola.1979. Socialism and feminism: Women and the Cuban revolution: Part two.Feminist Review3:99-108.
47.
Navas, Maria Candelaria.
1985. Los movimientos femininos en Centroamerica: 1970-1983. In Movimientos populares en Centroamerica (Popular movements in Central America), edited by Danile Camacho and Rafael Menjivar Centro America, 200-237. EDUCA.
48.
Nebbia, Ruth.
1986a. Encuentro de trabajadoras del campo (Encounter for women agricultural workers).Perspectiva Mundial. November.
49.
Nebbia, Ruth.
1986. La mujer en la defensa per conciencia.Perspectiva Mundial. 7 July.
50.
Nuñez. Orlando.
1981. La ideologia como fuerza material (Ideology as a material force). In Clases sociales en Nicaragua (no editor listed). Managua: Ediciones Blas Real Espinales.
51.
Oficina Legal de la Mujer-AMNLAE.
1986. Aportes al analysis del maltrato en la relacion de pareja (Notes for the analysis of domestic violence). Managua.
52.
Pallais, Desiree.1988. Para la plena paridad se necesitara mas tiempo (For complete equality more time is needed).Terra Nuova Forum13 (June):66-68.
53.
Padilla, Martha Luz
, Clara Murguialday, and Ana Criquillon 1987. Impact of the Sandinista agrarian reform on rural women's subordination. In Rural women and state policy: Feminist perspectives on Latin American agricultural development, edited by Carmen Diana Deere and Magdalena Leon, 124-41. Boulder, CO: Westview.
54.
Padula, Alfred
, and Lois Smith. 1985. Women in socialist Cuba, 1959-1984. In Cuba: Twenty-five years of revolution, 1959-1984, edited by Sandor Halebsky and John M. Kirk, 79-92. New York: Praeger.
55.
Perez, Paola
, et al. 1988. Mujer campesina y organizacion en Nicaragua: Participacion productiva sin participacion social? (Peasant women and organization in Nicaragua: Productive participation without social participation?) Paper presented at the Eighth Congreso Centroamericano de Sociologia, Guatemala, October.
56.
Perez Aleman, Paola
, and Ivonne Siu. 1986. La mujer en la economia Nicaraguense: Cambios y desafios (Women in the Nicaraguan Economy: Changes and challenges). Paper presented at the Fifth Congreso Nicaraguense de Ciencias Sociales, October.
57.
Portugal, Ana Maria.
1985. On being a feminist in Latin America.ISIS International Women's Information and Communication Service, ISIS International, Santiago, Chile.
58.
Ramirez-Horton, Susan E.
1982. The role of women in the Nicaraguan revolution. In Nicaragua in revolution, edited by Thomas W. Walker, 147-60. New York: Praeger.
59.
Randall, Margaret.
1981. Sandino's daughters.Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: New Star Books.
60.
Rodriguez, Ileana.
1987. Obstaculos a la promocion y aplicacion de la convencion sobre la eliminacion de todas las formas de discriminacion contra la mujer: Caso de Nicaragua (Obstacles to the promotion and application of the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women: The case of Nicaragua). Working paper, Oficina Legal de la Mujer-AMNLAE, Managua, February.
61.
Rowbotham, Sheila.
1974. Women, resistance and revolution: A history of women and revolution in the modern world.New York: Random House, Vintage Books.
62.
Rowbotham, Sheila
, Lynne Segal, and Hilary Wainwright. 1979. Beyond the fragments: Feminism and the making of socialism.London: Merlin Press.
63.
Saul, John S.
1986. The role of ideology in the transition to socialism. In Transition and development: Problems of Third World socialism, edited by Richard R. Fagen, Carmen Diana Deere, and Jose Luis Coraggio, 212-30. New York: Monthly Review Press.
64.
Torrents, Nissa.
1988. Mujeres magazine: The first twenty-five years. Paper presented at Fourteenth International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, March 17-19, New Orleans, Louisiana.
White, Judy.
1988b. Human toll is high from illegal abortions in Nicaragua.The Militant. 30 December.
67.
White, Judy.
1988a. Nicaragua's Atlantic coast: How Miskito Indian women organize, make gains.The Militant. 9 December.
68.
Vogel, Lise.
1981. Marxism and feminism: Unhappy marriage, trial separation or something else? In Women and revolution: A discussion of the unhappy marriage of Marxism and feminism, edited by Lydia Sargent. Boston: South End Press.
69.
Vogel, Lise.
1983. Marxism and the oppression of women: Toward a unitary theory.New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
70.
Zalaquett, Monica.
1987. Rural women forge ahead.Barricada Internacional. 27 August.
71.
Zimmerman, Matilde.
1500 women attend Latin American feminist conference in Mexico.”The Militant 20 November.
