After forceful help with breastfeeding on the first day after birth, a baby began to refuse to latch onto the breast. The mother received help maintaining her milk supply and advice on feeding methods and use of a nipple shield from a lactation consultant after leaving the hospital and was eventually able to breastfeed with the help of a nipple shield. Important aspects of this case were the treatment in the hospital, which included forcing the baby to the breast and using a tube-feeding device with artificial baby milk. Also critical was this mother's commitment to breastfeeding and the longterm support she received.
1. Auerbach KG: The effect of nipple shields on maternal milk vclume. JOGNN1990; 19:419-427.
2.
2. Woolidge MW, Baum JD, Drewett RF: Effect of a traditional and a new nipple shield on sucking patterns and milk flow. E.uI'lv Hum Dev1980; 4:357-364.
3.
3. DeNicola M: One case of nipple shield addiction. J Hum Lact1986: 2:28-29.
4.
4. Aniatavakul K, Xiutvsvanich T, Tanthayaphinant 0, Tovanabutra S, Yutabootr Y, Drewett RF, Tovanabutra S, Yutabootr Y, Drewett RF: Serum prolactin and cortiscl levels after suckling for varying periods of time and effect of a nipple shield. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand1987; 66:47-51.
5.
5. Lawr ence RA: Management of the mother-infant nursing couple (Chapter 8); II Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profe-sion (4th ed.) St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby Company, 1994; pp. 215-227.
6.
6. Maher SM: An Overview of Solutions to Breastfeeding and Sucking Problems. Franklin Park, IL: La Leche League International, 1988; p. 20-20.
7.
7. Walker M, Auerbach KG: Breast pumps and other technologies (Chapter 11); In Riordan J, Auerbach KG: Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc., 1993; pp. 279-332.
8.
8. Righard L, Alade MO: Effect of delivery room routines on success of first breast-feed. Lancet1990: 336 (8723):1105-1107.
9.
9. Stechler G: Newborn attention as affected by medications during labor. Science1964; 144:315-317.
10.
10. Sepkoski CM, Lester BM, Ostheimer GW, Brazelton TB: The effects of maternal epidural anesthesia on neonatal behavior during the first month. Dev Med Child Neurol1992; 34:1072-1080.
11.
11. Richards MPM: Effects of analgesics and anaesthetics given in childbirth on child development. Neuropharmacology1981; 20:1259-1265.
12.
12. Matthews MK: The relationship of maternal labour analgesia and delay in the initiation of breastfeeding. Midwifery1989; 5:3-10.
13.
13. Matthews MK: Assessments and suggested interventions to assist newborn breastfeeding behavior. J Hum Lact1993; 9: 243-248.
15. Casey CE, Neifert MR, Seacat JM, Neville MC Nutrient intake by breast-fed infants during the first five days after birth. Am J Dis Child1986: 140:933-936.
16.
16. Nylander G, Lindemann R, Helsing E, Bendvold E: Unsupplemented breastfeeding in the maternity ward: positive longterm effects. Acta Obstet Gvnecol Scand1991: 70:205-209.
17.
17. Yamauchi Y, Yamanouchi I: Breast-feeding frequency during the first 24 hours after birth in full-term neonates. Pediatrics1990; 86:171-175.
18.
18. Neifert M, Lawrence R, Seacat J: Nipple confusion: toward a formal definition. J Pediatr1995; 126:S125-s129.
19.
19. Newman J: Breastfeeding problems associated with the early introduction of bottles and pacifiers. J Hum Lact1990; 6:59-63.
