The nipple and surrounding area, like other areas of skin, are subject to irritation, inflammation, and infection. Twenty women with persistent sore nipples were first seen by a lactation consultant and later referred to a dermatologist. The dermatologist successfully treated 18 of the 20 mothers. A lactation consultant should be able to identify those women who will benefit from evaluation and treatment by a dermatologist.
1. Newton N: Nipple pain and nipple damage: problems in the management of breast feeding. J Pediatr41:411-423, 1952
2.
2. Frantz KB: Techniques for successfully managing nipple problems and the reluctant nurser in the early postpartum period; In Frier S, Ed: Human Milk: Its Biological and Social Value. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1980; pp. 314-317
3.
3. Hewat RJ, Ellis DJ: A comparison of the effectiveness of two methods of nipple care. Birth14:41-45, 1987
4.
4. Morgan J: A study of mothers' breastfeeding concerns. Birth13: 104-108, 1986
5.
5. McGregor J, Neifert M: Maternal problems in lactation, Chapter #11. In Neville MC, Neifert MR, Eds: Lactation: Physiology, Nutrition and Breast-feeding. New York: Plenum Press, 1983; pp. 333-348
8. Sullivan-Bolyai JZ, Fife KH, Jacobs RF, et al: Disseminated neonatal herpes simplex cirus type 1 from a maternal breast lesion. Pediatrics71:455-457, 1983
9.
9. Sealander JY, Kerr CP: Herpes simplex of the nipple: infant-tomother transmission. Am Fam Phys39:111-113, 1989
10.
10. McEvoy GK, Litvak K, Welsh OH, Jr., Eds, et al: AHFS Drug Information 92. Bethesda, Maryland: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1992; pp. 2094-2122
11.
11. Alper JC, Welch EA, Ginsberg M, et al: Moist wound healing under a vapor permeable membrane. J Am Acad Derm8:347-353, 1983
12.
12. Alper J: Recent advances in moist wound healing. South Med J79:1398-1404, 1986
13.
13.Orgill D, Demling RH: Current concepts and approaches to wound healing. Crit Care Med16:899-908, 1988
14.
14. Riordan J: The effectiveness of topical agents in reducing nipple soreness of breastfeeding mothers. J Hum Lact1:36-41, 1985
15.
15. Clark M: A study of four methods of nipple care offered to post partum mothers. NZ Nurs J78:16-18, 1985
