Epidermal growth factor is a human milk mitogen that has been shown to promote growth and maturation of infant intestinal mucosa. Since epidermal growth factor is not destroyed by proteolytic enzymes, it may be absorbed in the infant's gut and thus affect other tissues of the suckling infant.
1. Lawrence R: Host-resistance factors and immunologic significance of human milk in Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession, 3rd Ed.St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Company, 1989, pp.118-147
2.
2. Ogra S, Ogra P: Immunologic aspects of human colostrum and milk. J Pediatr92:546-549, 1978
3.
3. Gregory H: Isolation and structure of urogastrone and its relationship to epidermal growth factor. Nature257:325-327, 1975
4.
4. Malo C, Menard D: Influence of epidermal growth factor on the development of suckling mouse intestinal mucosa. Gastroenterology83:28-35, 1982
5.
5. Berseth C, Lichtengerger L, Moriss F: Comparison of the gastrointestinal growth-promoting effects of rat colostrum and mature milk in newborn rats in vivo. Am J Clin Nutr37:52-60, 1983
6.
6. Goodlad R, et al: Proliferative effects of urogastrone-EGF on the intestinal epithelium. Gut28:37-43, 1982
7.
7. Gaull E, Wright C, Isaacs C: Significance of growth modulators in human milk. Pediatrics (Suppl) 75: 142-145, 1985
8.
8. Mroczkowski B, Carpenter G: Hormones, Epidermal Growth Factor, in Cell Biology and Cancer: Perspectives and Potentials, New York:Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1988, pp.207-216
9.
9. Philip A: Neonatology: A Practical Guide, 3rd Ed., Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1986, pp.240-244
10.
10. Cloherty J, Stark A: Manual of Neonatal Care. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1982, pp.303-305
11.
11. Avery G: Neonatology, Pathophysiology and Management of the Newborn, 3rd Ed.New York: J.B. Lippincott, 1986, pp.1221-1223
12.
12. Lucas A, Cole T: Breast milk and neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. Lancet336(8730):1519-1523, 1990
13.
13. Cohen S: Purification of a nerve-growth promoting protein from the mouse salivary gland and its neuro-cytotoxic antiserum. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA46:302-311, 1960
14.
14. Cohen S: Isolation of a mouse submaxillary gland protein accelerating incisor eruption and eyelid opening in the newborn animal. J Biol Chem237:1555-1562, 1962
15.
15. Savage C, Tingami T.Cohen S: The primary structure of epidermal growth factor. J Biol Chem247:7612-7621, 1972
16.
16. Moran J, et al: Epidermal growth factor in human milk: daily production and diurnal variation during early lactation in mothers delivering at term and at premature gestation. J Pediatr103:402-405, 1983
17.
17. Petrides E, et al: Isolation and characterization of epidermal growth factor from human milk. FEBS Letter187:89-95, 1985
18.
18. Jansson L, Karlson F, Westermark B: Mitogenic activity and epidermal growth factor content in human milk. Acta Paediatr Scand74:250-253, 1985
19.
19. Hirata Y.Nishimura T, Uchihashi M: Partial purification and characterization of epidermal growth factor in human breast milk. Endocrinol Japon4:433-440, 1986
20.
20. Weaver L: Epidermal growth factor and the developing human gut. Gastroenterology94:845-847, 1988
21.
21. Carpenter G: Epidermal growth factor is a major growth-promoting agent in human milk. Science210:198-199, 1980
22.
22. Beardmore J, Lewis-Jones D, Richards R: Urogastrone and lactose concentrations in precolostrum, colostrum, and milk. Pediatr Res17:825-828, 1983
23.
23. Blakely D, Brown K, Fleet I: Transfer of epidermal growth factor from blood to milk in lactating goats. Proc Physiol Soc326:57-58, 1982
24.
24. Kasselberg A, et al: Immunocytochemical localization of human epidermal growth factor/urogastrone in several human tissues. J Histochem Cytochem33:315-322, 1985
25.
25. Hollenberg M, Gregory H: Human urogastrone and mouse epidermal growth factor share a common receptor site in cultured human fibroblasts. Life Sci20:267-274, 1976
26.
26. Tapper D, Klagsbrun M, Neumann J: The identification and clinical implications of human breast milk mitogen. J Pediatr Surg14:803-808, 1979
27.
27. Read L, et al: Changes in the growth-promoting activity of human milk during lactation. Pediatr Res18:133-139, 1984
28.
28. Greene H, et al: Epidermal growth factor in human milk and the effects of systemic EGF injection on intestinal calcium transport in suckling rats. Endocrin Experim20:189-198, 1986
29.
29. Read L, et al: Is orally-derived epidermal growth factor beneficial following premature birth or intestinal resection?Endocrin Experimentis20:199-207, 1986
30.
30. Forgue-Lafitte M, Laburthe M, Chamblier M: Demonstration of specific receptors for EGF-urogastrone in isolated rate intestinal epithelial cells. FEBS Letter114:243-246, 1980
31.
31. Brown KD, Blakely D: EGF transfer from blood to milk. J Endocrinol109:325-332, 1986