AnsteyE. H.ChenJ.Elam-EvansL. D.PerrineC. G. (2017, July14). Racial and geographic differences in breastfeeding—United States, 2011-2015. MMWR: Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report, 66(27), 723-727. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6627a3
4.
AnsteyE. H.ShoemakerM. L.BarreraC. M.O’NeilM. E.VermaA. B.HolmanD. M. (2017). Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk reduction: Implications for Black mothers. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(3), S40-S46. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.04.024
5.
BaiY.WunderlichS. M.FlyA. D. (2011). Predicting intentions to continue exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months: A comparison among racial/ethnic groups. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 15(8), 1257-1264. doi:10.1007/s10995-010-0703-7
6.
BealA. C.KuhlthauK.PerrinJ. M. (2003). Breastfeeding advice given to African American and White women by physicians and WIC counselors. Public Health Reports, 118(4), 368-376.
7.
BiddleB. J.BerlinerD. C. (2002). A research synthesis—unequal school funding in the United States. Educational Leadership, 59(8), 48-59.
ChapmanE. N.KaatzA.CarnesM. (2013). Physicians and implicit bias: How doctors may unwittingly perpetuate health care disparities. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 28(11), 1504-1510. doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2441-1
12.
ChetwyndE.MeyerA. M.StuebeA.CostelloR.LabbokM. (2013). Recognition of International Board Certified Lactation Consultants by health insurance providers in the United States: Results of a national survey of lactation consultants. Journal of Human Lactation, 29(4), 517-526. doi:10.1177/0890334413499974
13.
CooperL. A.RoterD. L.CarsonK. A.BeachM. C.SabinJ. A.GreenwaldA. G.InuiT. (2012). The associations of clinicians’ implicit attitudes about race with medical visit communication and patient ratings of interpersonal care. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 979-987. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300558
14.
CozierY. C.YuJ.CooganP. F.BetheaT. N.RosenbergL.PalmerJ. R. (2014). Racism, segregation, and risk of obesity in the Black Women’s Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 179(7), 875-883. doi:10.1093/aje/kwu
15.
CramerD. W. (2012). The epidemiology of endometrial and ovarian cancer. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America, 26(1), 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2011.10.09
HallW. J.ChapmanM. V.LeeK. M.MerinaY. M.ThomasT. W.PayneB. K.. . . Coyne-BeasleyT. (2015). Implicit racial/ethnic bias among health care professionals and its influence on health care outcomes: A systematic review. American Journal of Public Health, 105(12), e60-e76.
IpS.ChungM.RamanG.ChewP.MagulaN.DeVineD.. . . LauJ. (2007). Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment (Full Report), 153, 1-186.
21.
JohnsonA. M.KirkR.RooksA. J.MuzikM. (2016). Enhancing breastfeeding through healthcare support: Results from a focus group study of African American mothers. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20(Suppl. 1), S92-S102. doi:10.1007/s10995-016-2085-y
22.
JohnsonA. M.KirkR.RosenblumK. L.MuzikM. (2015). Enhancing breastfeeding rates among African-American women: A systematic review of current psychosocial interventions. Breastfeeding Medicine, 10(1), 45-62. doi:10.1089/bfm.2014.0023
23.
JonasW.NissenE.Ransjo-ArvidsonA. B.WiklundI.HenrikssonP.Uvnas-MobergK. (2008). Short- and long-term decrease of blood pressure in women during breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Medicine, 3(2), 103-109. doi:10.1089/bfm.2007.0031
24.
JonesK. M.PowerM. L.QueenanJ. T.SchulkinJ. (2015). Racial and ethnic disparities in breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Medicine, 10(4), 186-196. doi:10.1089/bfm.2014.0152
25.
Jones-RogersS. (2017). ‘[S]he could . . . spare one ample breast for the profit of her owner’: White mothers and enslaved wet nurses’ invisible labor in American slave markets. Slavery and Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies, 38(2), 337-355.
26.
KassebaumN. (2016). Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet, 388(10053), 1775-1812. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31470-2
KulkaT. R.JensenE.McLaurinS.WoodsE.KotchJ.LabbokM.. . . BakerS. (2011). Community based participatory research of breastfeeding disparities in African American women. Infant, Child & Adolescent Nutrition, 3(4), 233-239.
30.
KurianA. K.CardarelliK. M. (2007). Racial and ethnic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors: A systemic review. Ethnicity & Disease, 17(1), 143-152.
31.
LuM.KotelchuckM.HoganV.JonesL.WrightK.HalfonN. (2010). Closing the Black-White gap in birth outcomes: A life-course approach. Ethnicity and Disease, 20(1Suppl. 2), 62-76.
32.
MacDormanM. F.MathewsT. J.MohangooA. D.ZeitlinJ. (2014, September24). International comparisons of infant mortality and related factors: United States and Europe, 2010. National Vital Statistics Reports, 63(5), 1-6. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr63/nvsr63_05.pdf
MojabC. G. (2015). Pandora’s box is already open: Answering the ongoing call to dismantle institutional oppression in the field of breastfeeding. Journal of Human Lactation, 31(1), 32-35. doi:10.1177/0890334414554261
35.
National Center for Education Statistics. (2017). The condition of education, 2017. Washington, DC: Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education.
36.
ObengC. S.EmetuR. E.CurtisT. J. (2015). African-American women’s perceptions and experiences about breastfeeding. Frontiers in Public Health, 3, 1-6. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2015.00273
37.
OjanugaD. (1993). The medical ethics of the ‘father of gynaecology,’ Dr. J. Marion Sims. Journal of Medical Ethics, 19(1), 28-31.
38.
ParkS.ChoiN. (2018). Breastfeeding and maternal hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension, 31(5), 615-621. doi:10.1093/ajh/hpx219
39.
PayneS. L. (2014). A call to action: Lactation equity through professional diversification. Journal of Human Lactation, 30(4), 396-397.
RaoV.FloresG. (2007). Why aren’t there more African-American physicians? A qualitative study and exploratory inquiry of African-American students’ perspectives on careers in medicine. Journal of the National Medical Association, 99(9), 986-993.
44.
RothsteinR. (2017). The color of law: A forgotten history of how our government segregated America. New York, NY: Liveright Publishing Corporation.
45.
SpencerB. S.GrassleyJ. S. (2013). African American women and breastfeeding: An integrative literature review. Health Care for Women International, 34(7), 607-625.
46.
SpinelliM. G.EndicottJ.GoetzR. R. (2013). Increased breastfeeding rates in Black women after a treatment intervention. Breastfeeding Medicine, 8(6), 479-484. doi:10.1089/bfm.2013.0051
ThakrarA. P.ForrestA. D.MaltenfortM. G.ForrestC. B. (2018, January). Child mortality in the US and 19 OECD comparator nations: A 50-year time-trend analysis. Health Affairs, 37(1), 140-149. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0767
49.
ThomasE. V. (2018a). “Why even bother; they are not going to do it?” The structural roots of racism and discrimination in lactation care. Qualitative Health Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1049732318759491
50.
ThomasE. V. (2018b). “You know if you quit, that’s failure, right?”: Barriers to professional lactation certification. Journal of Human Lactation, 34(3), 454-466.
51.
ThomasS. L. (1998). Race, gender, and welfare reform: The antinatalist response. Journal of Black Studies, 28(4), 419-446.
52.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2011). The surgeon general’s call to action to support breastfeeding. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General.
53.
van RynM.BurgessD. J.DovidioJ. F.PhelanS. M.SahaS.MalatJ.. . . PerryS. (2011). The impact of racism on clinician cognition, behavior and clinical decision making. Du Bois Review, 8(1), 199-218.
54.
WashingtonH. A. (2006). Medical apartheid: The dark history of medical experimentation on Black Americans from colonial times to the present. New York, NY: Doubleday.