Vitamin D and the Breastfed Infant: Controversies and Concerns

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

1. Kreiter SR, Schwartz RP, Kirkman HN, et al. Nutritional rickets in African American breastfed infants. J Pediatr. 2000;137:153-157.

2. Pugliese MF, Blumberg DL, Hludzinski J, Kay S. Nutritional rickets in suburbia. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998;17:637-641.

3. Sills IN, Skuza KA, Horlick MN, et al. Vitamin D deficiency rickets: reports of its demise are exaggerated. Clin Pediatr. 1994;33:491-493.

4. Binet A, Kooh SW. Persistence of vitamin D deficiency rickets in Toronto in the 1990s. Can J Public Health. 1996;87:227-230.

5. Akpede GO, Solomon EA, Jalo I, Addy EO, Banwo AI, Omotara BA. Nutritional rickets in young Nigerian children in the Sahel savanna. East Afr Med J. 2001;78:568-575.

6. Agarwal KS, Mughal MZ, Upadhyay P, Berry JL, Mawer EB, Puliyel JM. The impact of atmospheric pollution on vitamin D status of infants and toddlers in Delhi, India. Arch Dis Child. 2002;87:111-113.

7. Abrams SA. Nutritional rickets: an old disease returns. Nutr Rev. 2002;60:111-115.

8. Lips P. Vitamin D deficiency in a multicultural setting. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2001;145:2060-2062.

9. Gartner LM, Greer FR. American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding and Committee on Nutrition. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency: new guidelines for vitamin D intake. Pediatrics. 2003;111:908-910.

10.

10. Vitamin D Expert Panel, Centers for Disease Control. Final Report. Available at: www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/nutrition/pdf/Vitamin_D_Expert_Panel_Meeting.pdf.

11.

11. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. Vitamin D. In: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997:250-287.

12.

12. Canadian Pediatric Society. Nutrition for healthy term infants: statement of the joint working group. Available at: http://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/babies/VitaminD.htm.

13.

13. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health. Ultraviolet light: a hazard to children. Pediatrics. 1999;104:328-333.

14.

14. Autier P, Dore JF. Influence of sun exposures during childhood and during adulthood on melanoma risk. EPIMEL and EORTC Melanoma Cooperative Group. European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Int J Cancer. 1998;77:533-537.

15.

15. Godar DE, Urbach F, Gasparro FP, van der Leun JC. UV doses of young adults. Photochem Photobiol. 2003;77:453-457.

16.

16. Westerdahl J, Olsson H, Ingvar C. At what age do sunburn episodes play a crucial role for the development of malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A:1647-1654.

17.

17. Lammi-Keefe CJ.Vitamins D and E in human milk. In: Jensen RG, ed. Handbook of Milk Composition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1995:706-717.

18.

18. Life Sciences Research Office Report. Assessment of nutrition requirements for infant formulas. J Nutr. 1998;128:2059S-2293S.

19.

19. Specker BL, Valanis B, Hertzberg V, et al. Sunshine exposure and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in exclusively breastfed infants. J Pediatr. 1985;107:372-376.

20.

20. Greer FR, Marshall S. Bone mineral content, serum vitamin D metabolite concentrations and ultraviolet B light exposure in human milkfed infants with and without vitamin D2 supplements. J Pediatr. 1989;114:204-212.