Social participation is vital for the health maintenance of general populations as well as the functional recovery and social ties of clinical patients. To develop a Social Participation Questionnaire (SPQ) to evaluate participation in social activities in an individual’s life and to test the reliability and validity of the SPQ.
Design
Cross-sectional study.
Setting
Community and clinic in China.
Subjects
A total of 1419 healthy adults and 486 breast cancer patients.
Measures
The initial items were developed from a theoretical framework, a literature review, and Delphi expert consultation. Item analysis, exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), criterion validity, construct reliability, and internal consistency reliability were performed to examine the psychometric properties of the SPQ.
Results
The final SPQ was comprised of 11 different types of social activities, falling under the 3 dimensions of activities of daily life, sports and entertainment activities, and social service activities. EFA explained 50.674% of the total item variance contributing to the tool. CFA showed that the SPQ fit well. The total SPQ score was significantly associated with social network, quality of life, and cognitive function (r = |.180∼.466|, P < .001). The internal consistency coefficient was acceptable (range of Cronbach’s alpha, .695 to .720).
Conclusions
The SPQ has robust properties, wide application, and provides a culturally relevant tool to evaluate the social participation of individuals, thus facilitating rigorous clinical and population-based research.
LevasseurMRichardLGauvinLRaymondÉ. Inventory and analysis of definitions of social participation found in the aging literature: proposed taxonomy of social activities. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71(12):2141-2149. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.041
2.
ZhuDAl MahmudALiuW. Social connections and participation among people with mild cognitive impairment: barriers and recommendations. Front Psychiatr. 2023;14:1188887. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1188887
3.
ZhaoDLiGPZhouM, et al.Differences according to sex in the relationship between social participation and well-being: a network analysis. Int J Environ Res Publ Health. 2022;19(20):13135. doi:10.3390/ijerph192013135
4.
NgamabaKHWebberMXanthopoulouPChevalierAGiaccoD. Participation in leisure activities and quality of life of people with psychosis in England: a multi-site cross-sectional study. Ann Gen Psychiatr. 2023;22(1):8. doi:10.1186/s12991-023-00438-1
5.
LevasseurMLussier-TherrienMBironML, et al.Scoping study of definitions of social participation: update and co-construction of an interdisciplinary consensual definition. Age Ageing. 2022;51(2):afab215. doi:10.1093/ageing/afab215
6.
TownsendBGChenJTHWuthrichVM. Barriers and facilitators to social participation in older adults: a systematic literature review. Clin Gerontol. 2021;44(4):359-380. doi:10.1080/07317115.2020.1863890
7.
WanchaiAPhrompayakD. A systematic review of factors influencing social participation of older adults. Pac Rim Int J Nurs Res. 2019;23(2):131-141.
8.
WHO. Active Ageing: A Policy Framework. Madrid, Spain: WHO; 2002:2002.
9.
ChangQSShaFChanCHYipPSF. Validation of an abbreviated version of the Lubben Social Network Scale (“LSNS-6”) and its associations with suicidality among older adults in China. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0201612. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201612
10.
LövdénMGhislettaPLindenbergerU. Social participation attenuates decline in perceptual speed in old and very old age. Psychol Aging. 2005;20(3):423-434. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.423
11.
HsuHC. Does social participation by the elderly reduce mortality and cognitive impairment?Aging Ment Health. 2007;11(6):699-707. doi:10.1080/13607860701366335
12.
McBrideAM. Civic engagement, older adults, and inclusion. Generations. 2006;30(4):66-71.
13.
MarsGMJKempenGIJMMestersIProotIMvan EijkJTM. Characteristics of social participation as defined by older adults with a chronic physical illness. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(17):1298-1308. doi:10.1080/09638280701623554
14.
DalemansRJPDe WitteLPWadeDTVan den HeuvelWJA. A description of social participation in working-age persons with aphasia: a review of the literature. Aphasiology. 2008;22(10):1071-1091. doi:10.1080/02687030701632179
15.
LevasseurMDesrosiersJSt-CyrTD. Comparing the disability creation process and international classification of functioning, disability and health models. Can J Occup Ther. 2007;74 Spec No:233-242.
16.
BaumCMEdwardsDF. The Activity Card Sort. St. Louis, MO: Washington University School of Medicine; 2001.
17.
SchulingJDehaanRLimburgMGroenierKH. The Frenchay activities index assessment of functional status in stroke patients. Stroke. 1993;24(8):1173-1177. doi:10.1161/01.STR.24.8.1173
18.
van der ZeeCHKapARambaran MishreRSchoutenEJPostMWM. Responsiveness of four participation measures to changes during and after outpatient rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med. 2011;43(11):1003-1009. doi:10.2340/16501977-0879
19.
EakmanAM. A Reliability and Validity Study of the Meaningful Activity Participation Assessment. Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern California; 2007.
20.
UstünTBChatterjiSKostanjsekN, et al.Developing the World health organization disability assessment Schedule 2.0. Bull World Health Organ. 2010;88(11):815-823. doi:10.2471/BLT.09.067231
NoreauLDesrosiersJRobichaudLFougeyrollasPRochetteAViscogliosiC. Measuring social participation: reliability of the LIFE-H in older adults with disabilities. Disabil Rehabil. 2004;26(6):346-352. doi:10.1080/09638280410001658649
23.
ZhuoD. Chinese Rehabilitation Medicine. Beijing: HuaXia Press; 1990.
24.
QiangRCZhouBPLiY. Psychometric analysis of a scale to assess social participation of Chinese adults. Sustainability. 2022;14(6):3431. doi:10.3390/su14063431
25.
WHO. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2001.
26.
OkoliCPawlowskiSD. The Delphi method as a research tool: an example, design considerations and applications. Inf Manag. 2004;42(1):15-29. doi:10.1016/j.im.2003.11.002
27.
BabbieE. The Practice of Social Research. 10th ed.Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth; 2007.
28.
ZengGHuiL. Modern Epidemiological Methods and Application. Beijing: Peking Medical University. Pecking Union Medical College Union Press; 1994.
29.
YangXYXiaWYXuYY, et al.Patients’ expectancy scale of acupuncture: development and clinical performance test. Compl Ther Clin Pract. 2023;53:101797. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101797
30.
KlineRB. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 2nd ed.New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2005.
31.
LangLHZhangLCZhangPLiQBianJGuoY. Evaluating the reliability and validity of SF-8 with a large representative sample of urban Chinese. Health Qual Life Outcome. 2018;16:55. doi:10.1186/s12955-018-0880-4
32.
HaoLXWangXNZhangL, et al.Prevalence, risk factors, and complaints screening tool exploration of subjective cognitive decline in a large cohort of the Chinese population. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;60(2):371-388. doi:10.3233/JAD-170347
33.
TerweeCBBotSDMde BoerMR, et al.Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(1):34-42. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012
NaqviAAHassaliMANaqviSBS, et al.Development and validation of the General Rehabilitation Adherence Scale (GRAS) in patients attending physical therapy clinics for musculoskeletal disorders. BMC Muscoskel Disord. 2020;21(1):65. doi:10.1186/s12891-020-3078-y
36.
MuthenM. Mplus statistical analysis with latent variables. In: User’s Guide. Los Angeles, CA: Muthen & Muthen; 2010.
37.
FornellCLarckerD. Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. J Mar Res. 1981;18(3):382-388. doi:10.2307/3150980
38.
BoatengGONeilandsTBFrongilloEAMelgar-QuinonezHRYoungSL. Best practices for developing and validating scales for Health,Social, and behavioral research:A primer. Front Public Health. 2018;6:149. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
39.
DemersLRobichaudLGelinasINoreauLDesrosiersJ. Coping strategies and social participation in older adults. Gerontology. 2009;55(2):233-239. doi:10.1159/000181170
40.
SwinfordEGaluciaNMorrow-HowellN. Applying gerontological social work perspectives to the coronavirus pandemic. J Gerontol Soc Work. 2020;63(6-7):513-523. doi:10.1080/01634372.2020.1766628
41.
OwenRBerryKBrownLJE. Enhancing older adults’ well-being and quality of life through purposeful activity: a systematic review of intervention studies. Gerontol. 2022;62(6):E317-E327. doi:10.1093/geront/gnab017
42.
LiNHuangQGeXY, et al.A review of the research progress of social network structure. Complexity. 2021;2021:1-14. doi:10.1155/2021/6692210
43.
NishioMTakagiDShinozakiTKondoN. Community social networks, individual social participation and dietary behavior among older Japanese adults: examining mediation using nonlinear structural equation models for three-wave longitudinal data. Prev Med. 2021;149:106613. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106613
44.
XinYPLiD. Impacts of psychological resources, social network support and community support on social participation of older adults in China: variations by different health-risk groups. Health Soc Care Community. 2022;30(5):E2340-E2349. doi:10.1111/hsc.13673
45.
MahfouzMAAlmaghrabiMY. Quality of life for elderly breast cancer patients: a new regard. Transl Cancer Res. 2020;9(1):S122-S125. doi:10.21037/tcr.2019.07.39
46.
FangelLMVPanobiancoMSKebbeLMAlmeidaAMGozzoTD. Qualidade de vida e desempenho de atividades cotidianas após tratamento das neoplasias mamárias. Acta Paul Enferm. 2013;26(1):93-100. doi:10.1590/S0103-21002013000100015
47.
LangerDTendlerSBar-Haim ErezA. A broad perspective on breast cancer: participation, quality of life and return to work throughout the recovery process. Work. 2023;75(1):325-337. doi:10.3233/WOR-220085
48.
MogicLRutterECTyasSLMaxwellCJO'ConnellMEOremusM. Functional social support and cognitive function in middle- and older-aged adults: a systematic review of cross-sectional and cohort studies. Syst Rev. 2023;12(1):86. doi:10.1186/s13643-023-02251-z
49.
ParkSDownerBNamSBaeSHongI. Association between social participation and cognitive function in community-dwelling adults. OTJR Occup Participation Health. 2022;42(4):344-352. doi:10.1177/15394492221113506
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
