The Use of Music to Manage Burnout in Nurses: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Objective

There is a high prevalence of burnout in nurses. This systematic review investigates the use of music to manage burnout in nurses.

Data Source

MEDLINE (Ovid), MEDLINE InProcess/ePubs, Embase, APA PsycINFO, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched.

Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Full-text articles were selected if the study assessed the use of music to manage burnout in nurses. Burnout was defined according to the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision.

Data Extraction

Data were extracted using an Excel sheet. The second and third authors independently extracted study characteristics, frequency and type of music engagement, measures of burnout, and burnout outcomes (occupational stress, coping with stress, and related symptoms such as anxiety).

Data Synthesis

Study and outcome data were summarized.

Results

The literature search resulted in 2210 articles and 16 articles were included (n = 1205 nurses). All seven cross-sectional studies reported upon nurses’ self-facilitated use of music including music listening, playing instruments, and music entertainment for coping or preventing stress, supporting wellbeing, or enhancing work engagement. Externally-facilitated music engagement, including music listening, chanting, percussive improvisation, and song writing, was reported in the four randomized controlled trials and five cohort studies with reductions in burnout outcomes.

Conclusions

Self-facilitated and externally-facilitated music engagement can help to reduce burnout in nurses.

Keywords

burnout music nurses stress wellbeing

Introduction

Burnout is a syndrome resulting from prolonged workplace stress that has not been managed effectively.¹ It is classified as an occupational phenomenon in the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision.¹ Adverse influences on mental health may be described by three characteristics: lack of energy or exhaustion, decreased motivation or cynical feelings related to one’s job, and reduced work performance.¹ Consequences can also include physical issues, such as headaches, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular problems.^2-4

Many studies have reported an increased risk for and high prevalence of burnout in healthcare workers, including nurses.^5-10 Nurses make up the largest group of workers in the healthcare system,⁵ and are essential to its proper functioning.¹¹ Higher levels of burnout in nurses may give rise to medical errors, decreased patient satisfaction, higher rates of patient mortality, and higher rates of nosocomial infections.^5,12-16 Given that the adverse effects of burnout on nurses may also impact the quality of patient care, it is important to examine effective coping mechanisms for nurses to manage their occupational stress.^15,17-20 Major sources of work-related stress in nurses may include workload, leadership and management, professional conflict, lack of reward, and emotional labour.^6,21 Previous studies have explored various strategies for managing the occupational stress of healthcare workers.²² However, there is an absence of studies that examine the use of music to manage burnout in nurses, despite the amount of research supporting music’s efficacy for reducing stress.²³ According to one systematic review and two meta-analyses, both passive and active engagement in music have been reported to reduce stress.²³ A narrative literature review of music intervention studies in the workplace reported that psychological factors, communication, rehabilitative outcomes, and cognitive work performance seem to be the principal areas of interest in the field of music and occupational medicine, with possible economic benefits.²⁴ The narrative literature review included 14 articles, but only three reported upon healthcare professionals. A study conducted to explore recreational music-making with nursing students resulted in statistically significant improvements in multiple burnout and mood dimensions, and potential annual cost savings of $16,800 were projected for the nursing program and $322,000 for the acute care hospital.²⁵ Considering the prevalence of burnout in nurses and its impact on patient care and the healthcare system, and the positive impact of music on stress, a review of the use of music in relation to burnout in nurses could inform non-pharmacological support for the wellbeing of nurses.

Objective

This study will report upon the type of music utilized, how it is implemented, and the outcomes in relation to burnout in nurses. This review will be inclusive of cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) providing reports from both nurses and researchers about the use of music in relation to burnout. Prevention of unmanaged occupational stress is integral to reducing burnout and further research is needed in this area.²² Previous findings from a review of a diversity of occupations suggest that music can have a positive impact on occupational health.²⁴ Given the high levels of burnout in nurses and the reported benefits of music, a review of the literature specific to the use of music to manage burnout in nurses is warranted and may provide insight into the use of music to prevent burnout. Music interventions have been shown to positively impact the mental health of adults by enhancing emotional wellbeing, decreasing stress levels, inducing relaxation, and reducing depression.^26-33 Music may be easily implemented in a cost-effective manner both in daily life and in medical settings, making it a viable option to help manage burnout in nurses.²³

Methods

Study Design and Registration

The protocol of this study was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42021268840). This systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline.³⁴

Search Strategy

MEDLINE (Ovid), MEDLINE InProcess/ePubs, Embase, APA PsycINFO, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched systematically. Results were limited to the English language, and searches started from the initial coverage of the respective database to July 2021. The search strategy is described in Supplemental Appendix: Table A1. Backward and forward citation searching of included full-text articles was conducted using Google Scholar to identify relevant articles missed through database searching. Backward citation searching involved examining the reference lists of included full-text articles, while forward citation searching involved identifying articles that cited an included full-text article. Continued literature surveillance was done through July 2021.

Study Selection and Data Extraction

The second and third authors individually conducted title and abstract screening using Rayyan.³⁵ They also independently conducted full-text evaluation, data extraction, and quality assessment. Full-text articles were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: the study assessed the use of music to manage burnout in nurses. Burnout was defined according to the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision.¹ This definition of burnout is inclusive of chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed. Thus, the outcomes of occupational stress, coping with stress, and related symptoms such as anxiety were included. Reviews, case reports, conference proceedings, dissertations, and book chapters were excluded. Demographics and outcome data were extracted using an Excel sheet. Any conflicts between the reviewers were resolved by the last author.

Extracted study characteristics included the year of publication, country, study design, age, gender, sample size, intervention, comparison, and delivery methods. The type and frequency of music engagement were also extracted. The primary outcome was burnout, inclusive of the use of music as a coping strategy and other indicators of wellbeing.

Quality Assessment

The quality of the included studies was assessed by the second and third authors independently using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and the Joanna Briggs Institute’s (JBI) critical appraisal tools.^36-38 The NOS quality assessment forms were used to assess cohort studies and cross-sectional studies.^36,37 The NOS checklist contains three sections: selection, comparability, and outcomes. The JBI critical appraisal checklist was used for RCTs.³⁸ This checklist appraises the appropriateness of study design, study population, outcomes, and statistical analysis. The reviewers met to discuss the results of their appraisal and any disagreements were resolved by the last author.

Results

The literature search resulted in 2210 articles (Figure 1). After removing duplicates, 1610 titles and abstracts were screened resulting in 1577 studies being excluded. Of the remaining 33 studies, 17 full-text articles were excluded.^39-55 The reasons for exclusion are provided in Supplemental Appendix: Table A2. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria.^56-71 The included studies contained a total of 1205 participants across eight different countries: Australia,^{57,59,60,67,68} United States,^56,58,61,65 Turkey,^64,69 Finland,⁷⁰ Greece,⁶⁶ India,⁷¹ Taiwan,⁶² and the United Kingdom.⁶³ The studies were published between 2005 to 2021.

Figure 1.

PRISMA flow diagram.

Study Characteristics

The demographics of the included studies are summarized in Table 1. The average age of participants was 40 ± 7 years, and 7% were male. In total, this review includes seven cross-sectional studies (43.8%),^{58,60,61,63,67,68,70} five cohort studies (31.3%),^{56,57,59,65,69} and four RCTs (25.0%).^62,64,66,71 The seven cross-sectional studies collected reports directly from nurses.^{58,60,61,63,67,68,70} The four RCTs reported upon different uses of music for burnout: (1) self-selected music listening,⁶² (2) researcher-selected music listening during progressive muscle relaxation,⁶⁴ (3) chanting,⁷¹ and (4) percussive improvisation.⁶⁶ One cohort study implemented song writing⁶⁵ and four cohort studies used directed music listening to induce relaxation during progressive muscle relaxation, aromatherapy massage, or mindfulness activities.^56,57,59,69 The seven cross-sectional studies distributed surveys,^58,61 interviews,^60,63,67,68 or questionnaires.⁷⁰ The RCTs and cohort studies utilized validated scales such as the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory – 19 Items,⁵⁶ Perceived Occupational Stress Scale,^57,59 Perceived Stress Scale – 10 Items,⁶⁴ Fatigue Severity Scale,⁶⁴ Faces Anxiety Scale,^57,59 Professional Quality of Life Scale – 30 Items,^56,65,69 Visual Analogue Scale,⁶² and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.⁷² Two studies (12.5%) employed biomarkers to measure stress such as heart rate, finger temperature, serum cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and salivary alpha-amylase.^62,71

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies.

Study (Year)	Country	Study Design	Age (Mean ± SD Years)	Gender (% Male)	Sample Size (N)
Davis (2005)⁵⁹	Australia	Cohort	36.4	18.2	68
Rose (2006)⁶⁷	Australia	Cross-sectional	30 - 50	0	5
Cooke (2007)⁵⁷	Australia	Cohort	37.5	20.5	79
Cutshall (2010)⁵⁸	US	Cross-sectional	Various	NR	49
Rose (2010)⁶⁸	Australia	Cross-sectional	NR	0	16
Lai (2011)⁶²	Taiwan	RCT	23.4 ± 2.5	0	54
Happell (2013)⁶⁰	Australia	Cross-sectional	NR	NR	38
Jordan (2016)⁶¹	US	Cross-sectional	41.0 ± 10.8	4	120
Tuisku (2016)⁷⁰	Finland	Cross-sectional	44.9	5.8	530
Oates (2018)⁶³	UK	Cross-sectional	Various	18.5	27
Ploukou (2018)⁶⁶	Greece	RCT	NR	4.2	48
Ceravolo (2019)⁵⁶	US	Cohort	NR	NR	12
Ozgundondu (2019)⁶⁴	Turkey	RCT	26.2 ± 3.9	0	56
Phillips (2020)⁶⁵	US	Cohort	38.2 ± 10.7	4.7	43
Semerci (2020)⁶⁹	Turkey	Cohort	40.2 ± 4.3	0	30
W.J (2021)⁷¹	India	RCT	28.5 ± 3.6	0	30

Abbreviations: NR, not reported; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SD, standard deviation; UK, United Kingdom; US, United States.

Cross-Sectional Studies

Seven of the 16 studies (43.8%) were cross-sectional and collected self-reported data from nurses about their general use of music for burnout.^{58,60,61,63,67,68,70} The seven cross-sectional studies reported: (1) 61% of nurses used music therapy as a coping strategy,⁵⁸ (2) music listening was the second most common activity for coping with stress,⁶¹ (3) music listening and playing instruments was one of the four activities reported by nurses to support wellbeing,⁶³ (4) 20% of the nurses in the study used music listening as a coping mechanism,⁶⁷ (5) music was used to cope with stress,⁶⁸ (6) music on the wards was one of the 11 suggestions by nurses to reduce occupational stress,⁶⁰ and (7) nurses who participated in cultural activities provided by their employer (such as music entertainment) rated their work engagement to be significantly increased compared to non-participants.⁷⁰

Nurses experiencing moderate stress ranked music therapy as their most utilized complementary and alternative medicine therapy.⁵⁸ No description of how music was used within music therapy was provided. Although nurses who engaged in cultural activities (including music entertainment) rated their work engagement to be significantly increased compared to non-participants, no change in burnout (perceived stress) was reported.⁷⁰ No descriptions that identified which participants specifically attended each type of cultural activity were provided.

In total, five cross-sectional studies (71.4%) reported upon self-directed use of music for coping with stress or supporting wellbeing.^{58,61,63,67,68} One study (14.3%) suggested music on the wards as a stress prevention strategy.⁶⁰ One study (14.3%) reported that nurses who attended employer-provided cultural events (such as music entertainment) rated their work engagement to be significantly increased.⁷⁰ A summary of the outcomes of included studies is provided in Table 2.

Table 2.

Summary of outcomes.

Study (Year)	Sample Size (N)	Type of Music Engagement	Frequency of Music Engagement	Reporting Method	Measure	Effect of Music on Burnout Outcomes
Cross-sectional studies
Rose (2006)⁶⁷	5	Self-directed music listening	NR	Self-reported	Oral narrative/storytelling and reflective journaling	1/5 (20%) reported using music as a coping strategy
Cutshall (2010)⁵⁸	49	Music therapy (undescribed)	NR	Self-reported	Written survey	61% reported using music therapy as a coping strategy
Rose (2010)⁶⁸	16	Music (undescribed leisure activities)	NR	Self-reported	Semi-structured interviews/storytelling and reflective journaling	Music was used as a coping strategy
Happell (2013)⁶⁰	38	Self-directed music listening	NR	Self-reported	Six focus group interviews	Music on the wards was listed as one of 11 stress prevention strategies (the number of nurses that suggested this is unknown)
Jordan (2016)⁶¹	120	Self-directed music listening	NR	Self-reported	Survey	Music listening was rated as the second most common activity (46%) for coping with work-related stress
Tuisku (2016)⁷⁰	530	Employer-provided opportunities to attend cultural events, including music entertainment	29 nurses (5%) reported participating in cultural activities three times or more, 45 (9%) reported participating twice, 141 (27%) reported participating once, 313 (59%) reported no participation, and 2 (.4%) did not report participation in a 6-month period	Self-reported	Digital questionnaire & 5-point Likert Scale	Nurses who participated in cultural activities rated their work engagement to be significantly increased compared to non-participants. It was not reported how often nurses participated in any cultural activities that were music entertainment
Oates (2018)⁶³	27	Self-directed music listening and playing an instrument alone or with others in musical bands	NR	Self-reported	Semi-structured interviews	Music was one of four activities reported by nurses to support wellbeing
Cohort studies
Davis (2005)⁵⁹	68	Researcher-directed music listening (new-age music) in conjunction with aromatherapy massage	15-minute sessions, once a week for 12 weeks	Observed	POSS & FAS	No significant difference for job satisfaction and occupational stress (POSS). 86% reported reduced anxiety (FAS)
Cooke (2007)⁵⁷	79	Researcher-directed music listening (new-age music) in conjunction with aromatherapy massage	15-minute sessions, once a week for 12 weeks, one period during summer and one period during winter	Observed	POSS & FAS	No significant difference for job satisfaction and occupational stress. 92% reported that music and aromatherapy massage reduced anxiety
Ceravolo (2019)⁵⁶	12	Researcher-directed music listening (‘soft’ music), aromatherapy, using a singing bowl, and mindfulness	60-minute session once weekly for 8 weeks	Observed	ProQOL-30, CBI-19	Significant increase in compassion satisfaction scores and significant reductions in risk for burnout scores (ProQOL-30); significant reductions in personal burnout and work-related burnout scores (CBI-19)
Phillips (2020)⁶⁵	43	Song writing once a week for 4 weeks. Weeks 1-4: Story Development, Week 5: Song Development - song recording and performance; Week 6: Debriefing Session - final writing session and experience debriefing	Week 1-4 (Story Development): 1-1.5 hours once weekly, Week 5 (Song Development): 4 hours, Week 6: NR	Observed	ProQOL-30	Significant reductions in burnout and secondary traumatic stress scores; significant increase in compassion satisfaction scores
Semerci (2020)⁶⁹	30	Researcher-directed music listening (relaxation music) in conjunction with progressive muscle relaxation	25-30-minute session once weekly for 8 weeks	Observed	ProQOL-30	Significant reductions in burnout and compassion fatigue scores
Randomized controlled trials
Lai (2011)⁶²	54	Self-selected music listening with headphones. Music selections included: piano music (n = 20, 37%), slow jazz (n = 13, 24.1%), harp music (n = 11, 20.4%), Western orchestral (n = 5, 9.3%), and Chinese orchestral music (n = 5, 9.3%) during chair rest	30 minutes of music listening	Observed	VAS, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, finger temperature, serum cortisol	Significant reduction in self-perceived stress scores, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and cortisol. Significantly increased finger temperature; significant correlations between music preference and heart rate, mean arterial pressure, finger temperature, and self-perceived stress
Ploukou (2018)⁶⁶	46	Percussion improvisation sessions. Instruments included: Bongo drum, Djembe, Doumbek and in some cases maraca, castanets, triangle, wood block, ratchet and tambourine	60-minute session once a week for one month	Observed	HADS, PILL	Significant reductions in depression & anxiety (HADS), and psychosomatic symptoms (PILL)
Ozgundondu (2019)⁶⁴	56	Researcher-directed music listening (music: Daniel Kobialka) in conjunction with progressive muscle relaxation	20-minute session once weekly for 8 weeks	Observed	FSS, PSS	Significant reductions in stress (PSS) and fatigue (FSS) at weeks 8 and 12. Significant improvements were reported for self-distraction, acceptance, instrumental support, emotional support, and venting
W.J (2021)⁷¹	30	Mahamantra chanting	20 minutes each day (during any personally convenient time) for 45 days	Observed	VAS, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, finger temperature, serum cortisol	Significant reductions in serum cortisol and SAA and a non-significant increase in DHEA-S

Abbreviations: CBI-19, Copenhagen Burnout Inventory - 19 Items; DHEA-S, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; FAS, Faces Anxiety Scale; FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale; HADS; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; NR, not reported; PILL, Pennebaker Inventory of Limbic Languidness; POSS, Perceived Occupational Stress Scale; ProQOL-30, Professional Quality of Life Scale - 30 Items; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale - 10 Items; SAA, salivary alpha-amylase; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.

Cohort Studies

Five of the 16 studies (31.3%) were cohort studies which reported different uses of music for burnout: (1) researcher-directed music listening with aromatherapy massage,^57,59 (2) researcher-directed music listening with mindfulness activities,⁵⁶ (3) researcher-directed music listening with progressive muscle relaxation,⁶⁹ and (4) facilitated song writing.⁶⁵ Two of the cohort studies (40.0%) combined music listening with aromatherapy massage.^57,59 In both studies, nurses were offered 15-minute aromatherapy massages while listening to new-age music once a week over a 12-week period. One of these two studies compared two 12-week periods, one in the summer and one in the winter.⁵⁷ Both studies reported that music with aromatherapy massage led to no significant difference in job satisfaction or occupational stress pre- and post-intervention. However, 86-92% of the nurse participants reported reduced anxiety.^57,59 One study (20%) combined researcher-directed music listening with progressive muscle relaxation.⁶⁹ Nurses participated in group sessions for 25-30 minutes once a week for eight weeks. This led to a significant reduction in burnout and compassion fatigue.⁶⁹ One study (20%) implemented researcher-directed music listening with mindfulness activities.⁵⁶ Nurses participated in the mindfulness activities while listening to soft music once a week for eight weeks. This led to a significant increase in compassion satisfaction and a significant reduction in scores for risk for burnout, personal burnout, and work-related burnout.⁵⁶ One study (20%) implemented a six-week facilitated song writing activity that occurred once weekly.⁶⁵ This study reported that music-related activities led to a significant reduction in burnout and secondary traumatic stress; a significant reduction in depression, insomnia, and loneliness; and a significant increase in self-compassion and self-awareness. In addition, music-related activities resulted in a significant increase in compassion satisfaction.⁶⁵

All five cohort studies included an external facilitator for the use of music and occurred in a group setting. Duration of the interventions varied from 15 minutes over 12 weeks (music with aromatherapy massage),^57,59 25-30 minutes over eight weeks (music with progressive muscle relaxation),⁶⁹ and approximately 1.5 hours each week for four weeks (song writing).⁶⁵ Four of the cohort studies (80.0%) investigated the use of music in conjunction with another activity (progressive muscle relaxation, aromatherapy massage, or mindfulness activities) and implemented researcher-directed music listening.^56,57,59,69 Of these four studies, two reported a significant reduction specifically in burnout,^65,69 and two reported significant reductions in anxiety but no significant change in occupational stress.^57,59 One of the cohort studies (20.0%) investigated the use of song writing and reported significant reductions in burnout.⁶⁵

Randomized Controlled Trials

Four of the 16 studies (25.0%) were RCTs and each reported upon different uses of music for burnout: (1) self-selected music listening,⁶² (2) percussive improvisation,⁶⁶ (3) researcher-directed music listening with progressive muscle relaxation,⁶⁴ and (4) chanting.⁷¹ In one of the RCTs (25.0%), nurses engaged in self-directed music listening for 30 minutes and reported significantly reduced self-perceived stress scores, reduced heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and cortisol; significantly increased finger temperature; and significant correlations between music preference and self-perceived stress.⁶² Additionally, 88.9% of the participants reported engaging in music listening to reduce stress. The music listening options included: piano music (n = 20, 37%), slow jazz (n = 13, 24.1%), harp music (n = 11, 20.4%), Western orchestral music (n = 5, 9.3%), and Chinese orchestral music (n = 5, 9.3%). One study (25.0%) implemented 60-minute drumming classes once weekly for four weeks and reported significant reductions in depression, anxiety, and psychosomatic symptoms.⁶⁶ One study (25.0%) implemented pre-determined music listening during 20-minute progressive muscle relaxation sessions that occurred once weekly for eight weeks.⁶⁴ Participants in the intervention group reported a significant reduction in perceived stress and fatigue severity scores at weeks 8 and 12; and significant improvements for self-distraction, acceptance, instrumental support, emotional support, and venting.⁶⁴ One study (25.0%) engaged nurses in chanting and reported significant reductions in serum cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase, and an insignificant increase in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.⁷¹

All four RCTs included an external facilitator for the use of music. In total, one study (25.0%) reported upon self-selected music listening,⁶² two (50.0%) reported upon active music engagement (chanting, improvised percussion),^66,71 and one (25.0%) reported upon researcher-directed music listening in conjunction with progressive muscle relaxation for burnout.⁶⁴

Types of Music Engagement

The sixteen studies in this review reported upon eight different types of music engagement: (1) self-directed music listening (25.0%);^60-62,67 (2) self-directed playing of music instruments and/or self-selected music listening (6.3%);⁶³ (3) song writing (6.3%);⁶⁵ (4) chanting (6.3%);⁷¹ (5) percussive improvisation (6.3%);⁶⁶ (6) music entertainment (6.3%);⁷⁰ (7) researcher-directed music listening in conjunction with progressive muscle relaxation (12.5%),^64,69 aromatherapy massage (12.5%),^57,59 or mindfulness activities (6.3%);⁵⁶ and (8) music without description (12.5%).^58,68

Quality Assessment

The NOS scores of the five included cohort studies ranged from 4 – 6 out of a possible score of 9 (Supplemental Appendix: Table A3).^{56,57,59,65,69} The five cohort studies were of poor quality. The NOS scores of the seven included cross-sectional studies ranged from 2 – 6 out of a possible score of 10 (Supplemental Appendix: Table A4).^{58,60,61,63,67,68,70} According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) standards, one study⁷⁰ was satisfactory and six studies^{58,60,61,63,67,68} were unsatisfactory. The JBI critical appraisal checklist was used to assess the four RCTs.^62,64,66,71 The scores ranged from 8 – 10 out of a possible score of 13 (Supplemental Appendix: Table A5), resulting in the inclusion of all four studies.

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review to report upon the use of music to manage burnout in nurses. Drawing upon the World Health Organization’s definition of burnout, unmanaged occupational stress is the main indicator of burnout. The 16 studies in this review reported upon eight different uses of music for burnout in nurses including managing occupational stress. It is not possible to make any conclusive statements about the use of music for burnout in nurses, not only due to the differences in study designs, but the differences in the types of music, frequency, duration, control groups and comparisons. To report upon the use of music for burnout with confidence, larger sample sizes are required, comparisons between the different uses of music are required, and controls need to be in place for variables such as facilitator and group effects. Additionally, the cultural use of music needs to be explored. In this review, studies were conducted across eight different countries. The findings, in relation to the type of music used, may be specific to the cultural demographics of the study. Despite the heterogeneity of the use of music in these studies, music has been shown to have a positive impact on the outcome of burnout. The results of the included studies primarily suggest that there were two mechanisms of music engagement that nurses used to manage their occupational burnout: (1) self-facilitated engagement and (2) externally-facilitated engagement.

Self-Facilitated Music Engagement

All seven cross-sectional studies reported upon nurses’ self-facilitated use of music including music listening, playing instruments, and music entertainment for coping or preventing stress, supporting wellbeing, or enhancing work engagement. Music may be easily utilized in daily life and medical settings and is thus accessible to nurses to manage stress and burnout, and to promote wellbeing.^{33,57,59-61,63,66-68} According to four cross-sectional studies, nurses were proactively engaging in self-selected music listening.^60,61,63,67 When provided the opportunity to engage in music entertainment, they reported their work engagement to be significantly increased, even though there was no change in their perceived stress.⁷⁰ Music entertainment may encourage work engagement through communication and collective participation.⁷⁰ Additionally, feeling connected to others can enhance wellbeing as a preventative measure.⁷³ This was also noted for the playing of musical instruments, such as participating in an ensemble which may encourage feelings of connectedness.⁶³ Self-use of music may be effective for instant mood regulation through distraction and for improving perceived levels of anxiety by shifting one’s attention from stressful environmental stimuli to auditory information.^63,74,75 The cross-sectional studies did not reveal how often nurses are listening to music, or the preferences of music. However, it appears that nurses are self-selecting music, which aligns with previous studies supporting the use of preferred music to induce relaxation and reduce physical and perceived stress.^62,76,77 The importance of preferred music, or personalized use of music, is also highlighted in the cross-sectional study conducted by Cutshall and colleagues.⁵⁸ Data collection through surveys and storytelling sessions provide the opportunity to report upon the strategies that nurses employed to manage burnout. A common theme was the use of self-directed music (music listening, playing an instrument, or undefined) to cope with occupational stress. Considering the accessibility of music listening, and the research supporting the use of music listening for reducing stress,⁷⁸ health promotion practitioners may want to consider advocating for the use of music listening in healthcare settings.

Externally-Facilitated Music Engagement

Externally-facilitated music engagement, including music listening, chanting, percussive improvisation, and song writing, was reported in the four RCTs and five cohort studies with reductions in burnout outcomes. Systems-level facilitators can improve the mental wellbeing of nurses by providing external aid and access to music sessions instructed by trained professionals. These external facilitators can include the government, unit managers, and other stakeholders that determine the allocation of healthcare financial resources. The high prevalence of burnout among nurses necessitates the involvement of external facilitators to manage nurses’ occupational stress. The studies included in this review point towards positive outcomes of participation in music sessions facilitated by trained professionals. For instance, musical participation through cultural or religious events, including chanting and drum circles, may be effective to promote nurses’ mental and physical health.^66,71,79,80 This type of active music engagement often requires a trained facilitator and often occurs in a group setting which can promote social cohesion. In this review, five of the studies used facilitated music in conjunction with another intervention; therefore, the results of the study do not solely reflect the use of music. Through music facilitation, nurses were able to learn musical skills to engage in song writing, chanting, and drumming regardless of their background in music. Song writing in a group setting may reduce loneliness through the sharing of experiences and enhanced self-awareness. Music-related activities, such as improvised drumming, may provide nurses with an opportunity to express their feelings, resulting in reduced burnout and improved wellbeing and patient care.⁶⁶ Healthcare settings may want to consider providing nurses the opportunity to actively engage in making music with a facilitator to reduce outcomes of burnout.

Related Research

A review of music in the workplace suggests that music can positively influence psychological symptoms, work-related stress, and burnout and improve work performance and cognitive outcomes.²⁴ The review did not include cross-sectional studies or target the nurse population specifically, but it does support similar findings to our systematic review which included studies that demonstrated a positive impact of music on burnout.^56-71 A study of music listening for workplace stress stated that daily music listening could reduce work-related stress and that the effects may be related to individual musical preferences and familiarity.⁷⁸ This is a similar finding to this current systematic review which reports upon the self-directed use of music listening among nurses, and the ability of preferred music to induce relaxation and reduce physical and perceived stress.^{57,59-64,66-68} A study exploring both music listening and music therapy interventions in relation to pain reported both modes as equally effective for stress and anxiety reduction.⁸¹ In the current systematic review, studies using both music interventions^56,57,59-71 and a music therapy intervention⁵⁸ reported the positive impact of music on burnout or related outcomes. However, Bradt et al.⁸¹ also reported that 77.4% of the participants preferred music therapy for future treatments. The preferences for music therapy were due to therapeutic relationships, interactive music-making, and the possibility of emotional expression.^81-83 None of the included studies in the current systematic review compared the effectiveness, feasibility, and preferences of music and music therapy interventions. Development of standards for music therapy interventions and research comparing music and music therapy interventions may be necessary for further investigation.

Future Directions

Further research is needed to collect samples with rigorous randomization and the use of control groups. It may be important to determine whether the effectiveness of music may be influenced by anticipation of its benefits and daily use of music.⁶² In addition, investigating associations between variables such as personal characteristics and the impact of music on burnout may be necessary.^57,66 Longitudinal studies are required to determine the long-term effects of various music interventions on burnout in nurses.^63,64,69,71 Further research is needed to incorporate accepted complementary therapies in control groups to provide context for the effectiveness of music on burnout in nurses compared to other interventions.⁷¹

Limitations

This systematic review has several limitations. Among the 16 included studies, seven studies (43.8%) had a cross-sectional study design.^{58,60,61,63,67,68,70} From these studies, it was not possible to determine the direct impact of music on burnout and stress in nurses. Various scales were used^{56,57,59,62,64,65,69,70} and thus a meta-analysis was not conducted. Moreover, 11 studies (68.8%) were unsatisfactory or of poor quality according to AHRQ standards.^{56,58-61,63,65,67-69} Small sample size,^56,61,65,66 homogeneous nature of the sample,^{56,59,61,66,68} non-randomized group assignment,⁶⁵ convenience sampling,⁶⁵ low response rate,^61,63,70 voluntary bias,⁶² inherent bias,⁶⁴ and response bias were reported.⁶¹ Poor representativeness may reduce the generalizability of conclusions.

Conclusions

Self-reports from nurses indicate the use of self-facilitated music for coping with stress, preventing stress, supporting wellbeing, or enhancing work engagement. Data collected from RCTs and cohort studies indicate that externally-facilitated music engagement can reduce burnout in nurses. This systematic review demonstrates the utility of music as an intervention to reduce burnout and promote mental health in nurses.

SO WHAT? Implications for Health Promotion Practitioners and Researchers

What is already known on this topic?

There is a high prevalence of burnout in nurses. According to one systematic review and two meta-analyses, both passive and active engagement in music have been reported to reduce stress.

What does this article add?

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review that evaluates the use of music to manage burnout in nurses. It provides insight into nurses’ current use of music for coping with stress, an aspect of burnout, and describes the externally-facilitated music that has been implemented to reduce burnout in nurses.

What are the implications for health promotion practice or research?

This systematic review demonstrates the utility of music as an intervention to reduce burnout and promote mental health in nurses. Considering the prevalence of burnout in nurses and its impact on patient care and the healthcare system, this review could inform non-pharmacological support for the wellbeing of nurses.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental Material - The Use of Music to Manage Burnout in Nurses: A Systematic Review

Supplemental Material for The Use of Music to Manage Burnout in Nurses: A Systematic Review by Rachael Finnerty, Katherine Zhang, Rina A. Tabuchi, and Kevin Zhang in American Journal of Health Promotion

Footnotes

Author Contributions

Study concept and design: Kevin Zhang, Rachael Finnerty. Acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data: all authors. Writing of manuscript: all authors. Critical review and approval of manuscript: all authors.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iDs

Rachael Finnerty

Kevin Zhang

Supplemental Material

Supplemental Material for this article is available online.

References

World Health Organization . Burn-out an “occupational phenomenon”: International classification of diseases. Published online May 28, 2019. https://www.who.int/news/item/28-05-2019-burn-out-an-occupational-phenomenon-international-classification-of-diseases

Leiter

Hakanen

Ahola

Toppinen-Tanner

Koskinen

Väänänen

. Organizational predictors and health consequences of changes in burnout: A 12-year cohort study. J Organ Behav. 2013;34(7):959-973. doi:10.1002/job.1830

Lubbadeh

. Job burnout: A general literature review. Int Rev Manag Market. 2020;10(3):7-15. doi:10.32479/irmm.9398

Maslach

Leiter

. Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatr. 2016;15(2):103-111. doi:10.1002/wps.20311

Friganović

Selič

Ilić

Sedić

. Stress and burnout syndrome and their associations with coping and job satisfaction in critical care nurses: A literature review. Psychiatr Danub. 2019;31(suppl 1):21-31.

Woo

Tang

Tam

. Global prevalence of burnout symptoms among nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;123:9-20. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.12.015

Myhren

Ekeberg

Stokland

. Job satisfaction and burnout among intensive care unit nurses and physicians. Critical Care Research and Practice. 2013;2013:1-6. doi:10.1155/2013/786176

Lasebikan

Oyetunde

. Burnout among nurses in a Nigerian general hospital: Prevalence and associated factors. International Scholarly Research Network Nursing. 2012;2012:402157. doi:10.5402/2012/402157

Aiken

Clarke

Sloane

, et al. Nurses’ reports on hospital care in five countries. Health Aff. 2001;20(3):43-53. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.20.3.43

10.

Galanis

Vraka

Fragkou

Bilali

Kaitelidou

. Nurses’ burnout and associated risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2021;77(8):3286-3302. doi:10.1111/jan.14839

11.

Fawaz

Anshasi

Samaha

. Nurses at the front line of COVID-19: Roles, responsibilities, risks, and rights. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(4):1341-1342. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0650

12.

Pérez-Francisco

Duarte-Clíments

del Rosario-Melián

Gómez-Salgado

Romero-Martín

Sánchez-Gómez

. Influence of workload on primary care nurses’ health and burnout, patients’ safety, and quality of care: Integrative review. Healthcare. 2020;8(1):12. doi:10.3390/healthcare8010012

13.

Jeung

Kim

Chang

. Emotional labour and burnout: A review of the literature. Yonsei Med J. 2018;59(2):187-193. doi:10.3349/ymj.2018.59.2.187

14.

Hersch

Cook

Deitz

, et al. Reducing nurses’ stress: A randomized controlled trial of a web-based stress management program for nurses. Appl Nurs Res. 2016;32:18-25. doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2016.04.003

15.

Welp

Meier

Manser

. Emotional exhaustion and workload predict clinician-rated and objective patient safety. Front Psychol. 2015;5:1573. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01573

16.

Cimiotti

Aiken

Sloane

. Nurse staffing, burnout, and health care–associated infection. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40(6):486-490. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.02.029

17.

de Oliveira

de Alcantara Sousa

Vieira Gadelha

MdS

do Nascimento

. Prevention actions of burnout syndrome in nurses: An integrating literature review. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2019;15:64-73. doi:10.2174/1745017901915010064

18.

Reith

. Burnout in United States healthcare professionals: A narrative review. Cureus. 2018;10(12):e3681. doi:10.7759/cureus.3681

19.

Kane

Shamliyan

Mueller

Duval

Wilt

. The association of registered nurse staffing levels and patient outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Care. 2007;45(12):1195-1204. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181468ca3

20.

Needleman

Buerhaus

Mattke

Stewart

Zelevinsky

. Nurse-staffing levels and the quality of care in hospitals. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(22):1715-1722. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa012247

21.

McVicar

. Workplace stress in nursing: A literature review. J Adv Nurs. 2003;44(6):633-642. doi:10.1046/j.0309-2402.2003.02853.x

22.

De Giorgi

Dinkelaar

. Strategies for preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers: Past evidence, current problems. BJPsych Adv. 2021;27(3):205-210. doi:10.1192/bja.2020.90

23.

de Witte

Spruit

van Hooren

Moonen

Stams

. Effects of music interventions on stress-related outcomes: A systematic review and two meta-analyses. Health Psychol Rev. 2020;14(2):294-324. doi:10.1080/17437199.2019.1627897

24.

Raglio

Oddone

Morotti

, et al. Music in the workplace: A narrative literature review of intervention studies. J Compl Integr Med. 2020;17(4). doi:10.1515/jcim-2017-0046

25.

Bittman

Snyder

Bruhn

, et al. Recreational music-making: An integrative group intervention for reducing burnout and improving mood states in first year associate degree nursing students: Insights and economic impact. Int J Nurs Educ Scholarsh. 2004;1(1). doi:10.2202/1548-923X.1044

26.

Chanda

Levitin

. The neurochemistry of music. Trends Cognit Sci. 2013;17(4):179-193. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.02.007

27.

Heiderscheit

Chlan

Donley

. Instituting a music listening intervention for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: Exemplars from two patient cases. Music Med. 2011;3(4):239-245. doi:10.1177/1943862111410981

28.

Koelsch

. Music-evoked emotions: principles, brain correlates, and implications for therapy: Functional neuroanatomy of music-evoked emotions. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2015;1337(1):193-201. doi:10.1111/nyas.12684

29.

Bradt

Dileo

. Music interventions for mechanically ventilated patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(12):CD006902. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006902.pub3

30.

Kamioka

Mutoh

Yamada

, et al. Effectiveness of music therapy: A summary of systematic reviews based on randomized controlled trials of music interventions. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2014;8:727-754. doi:10.2147/PPA.S61340

31.

Nilsson

. The anxiety- and pain-reducing effects of music interventions: A systematic review. Assoc Perioperat Register Nurse J. 2008;87(4):780-807. doi:10.1016/j.aorn.2007.09.013

32.

Daykin

Mansfield

Meads

, et al. What works for wellbeing? A systematic review of wellbeing outcomes for music and singing in adults. Persp Pub Health. 2018;138(1):39-46. doi:10.1177/1757913917740391

33.

de Witte

Spruit

van Hooren

Moonen

Stams

. Effects of music interventions on stress-related outcomes: A systematic review and two meta-analyses. Health Psychol Rev. 2020;14(2):294-324. doi:10.1080/17437199.2019.1627897

34.

Liberati

Altman

Tetzlaff

, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: Explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700. doi:10.1136/bmj.b2700

35.

Ouzzani

Hammady

Fedorowicz

Elmagarmid

. Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):210. doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4

36.

Wells

Shea

O’Connell

, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp Accessed June 21, 2021

37.

Herzog

Álvarez-Pasquin

Díaz

Del Barrio

Estrada

Gil

. Are healthcare workers’ intentions to vaccinate related to their knowledge, beliefs and attitudes? A systematic review. Bio Med Central Pub Health. 2013;13(1):154. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-154

38.

Joanna Briggs Institute . Critical appraisal tools. Published online n.d. https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools Accessed August 27, 2021

39.

Field

Quintino

Henteleff

Wells-Keife

Delvecchio-Feinberg

. Job stress reduction therapies. Altern Ther Health Med. 1997;3(4):54-56.

40.

Lambert

Ito

. Workplace stressors, ways of coping and demographic characteristics as predictors of physical and mental health of Japanese hospital nurses. Int J Nurs Stud. 2004;41(1):85-97. doi:10.1016/S0020-7489(03)00080-4

41.

Tracy

Lindquist

Savik

, et al. Use of complementary and alternative therapies: A national survey of critical care nurses. Am J Crit Care. 2005;14(5):404-415. doi:10.4037/ajcc2005.14.5.404

42.

Chang

Daly

Hancock

, et al. The relationships among workplace stressors, coping methods, demographic characteristics, and fealth in Australian nurses. J Prof Nurs. 2006;22(1):30-38. doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2005.12.002

43.

Repar

Patton

. Stress reduction for nurses through arts-in-medicine at the university of New Mexico hospitals. Holist Nurs Pract. 2007;21(4):182-186. doi:10.1097/01.HNP.0000280929.68259.5c

44.

Schwarzkopf

Brown

Silkin

Toby-Harris

Torres

Voss

. Caring for self: Promoting personal wellness for nursing leaders in the hospital environment. Nurse Leader. 2007;5(5):34-46. doi:10.1016/j.mnl.2007.07.010

45.

Rose

Glass

. An investigation of emotional wellbeing and its relationship to contemporary nursing practice. Collegian. 2009;16(4):185-192. doi:10.1016/j.colegn.2009.08.001

46.

Van der Colff

Rothmann

. Occupational stress, sense of coherence, coping, burnout and work engagement of registered nurses in South Africa. SA J Ind Psychol. 2009;35(1):423. doi:10.4102/sajip.v35i1.423

47.

Brooks

Bradt

Eyre

Hunt

Dileo

. Creative approaches for reducing burnout in medical personnel. Arts Psychother. 2010;37(3):255-263. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2010.05.001

48.

Logid

. The healing power of art: Is it just for patients? Creativ Nurs. 2011;17(3):118-119. doi:10.1891/1078-4535.17.3.118

49.

Sonke

Pesata

Arce

Carytsas

Zemina

Jokisch

. The effects of arts-in-medicine programming on the medical-surgical work environment. Arts Health. 2015;7(1):27-41. doi:10.1080/17533015.2014.966313

50.

Karpavičiūtė

Macijauskienė

. The impact of arts activity on nursing staff well-being: An intervention in the workplace. Int J Environ Res Publ Health. 2016;13(4):435. doi:10.3390/ijerph13040435

51.

Phillips

Welcer

. Songs for the soul: A program to address a nurse’s grief. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2017;21(2):145-146. doi:10.1188/17.CJON.145-146

52.

Catlin

Cobbina

Dougherty

Laws

. Music, spirituality, and caring science: The effect of a cappella song on healthcare staff in medical–surgical units. Int J Hum Caring. 2019;23(3):234-241. doi:10.20467/1091-5710.23.3.234

53.

Veiga

Dias Rodrigues

Lamy

Guiose

Pereira

Marmeleira

. The effects of a relaxation intervention on nurses’ psychological and physiological stress indicators: A pilot study. Compl Ther Clin Pract. 2019;35:265-271. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.03.008

54.

Bianchini

Copeland

. The use of mindfulness-based interventions to mitigate stress and burnout in nurses. J Nurses Prof Dev. 2021;37(2):101-106. doi:10.1097/NND.0000000000000708

55.

Zamanifar

Bagheri-Saveh

Nezakati

Mohammadi

Seidi

. The effect of music therapy and aromatherapy with chamomile-lavender essential oil on the anxiety of clinical nurses: A randomized and double-blind clinical trial. J Med Life. 2020;13(1):87-93. doi:10.25122/jml-2019-0105

56.

Ceravolo

Raines

. The impact of a mindfulness intervention for nurse managers. J Holist Nurs. 2019;37(1):47-55. doi:10.1177/0898010118781620

57.

Cooke

Holzhauser

Jones

Davis

Finucane

. The effect of aromatherapy massage with music on the stress and anxiety levels of emergency nurses: Comparison between summer and winter. J Clin Nurs. 2007;16(9):1695-1703. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01709.x

58.

Cutshall

Derscheid

Miers

, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and use of complementary and alternative therapies among clinical nurse specialists in an academic medical center. Clin Nurse Spec. 2010;24(3):125-131. doi:10.1097/NUR.0b013e3181d86cd1

59.

Davis

Cooke

Holzhauser

Jones

Finucane

. The effect of aromatherapy massage with music on the stress and anxiety levels of emergency nurses. Australas Emerg Nurs J. 2005;8(1-2):43-50. doi:10.1016/j.aenj.2005.05.001

60.

Happell

Dwyer

Reid-Searl

Burke

Caperchione

Gaskin

. Nurses and stress: Recognizing causes and seeking solutions. J Nurs Manag. 2013;21(4):638-647. doi:10.1111/jonm.12037

61.

Jordan

Khubchandani

Wiblishauser

. The impact of perceived stress and coping adequacy on the health of nurses: A pilot investigation. Nurs Res Pract. 2016;2016:1-11. doi:10.1155/2016/5843256

62.

Lai

. The effect of music on biochemical markers and self-perceived stress among first-line nurses: A randomized controlled crossover trial: Music reduces stress. J Adv Nurs. 2011;67(11):2414-2424. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05670.x

63.

Oates

. What keeps nurses happy? Implications for workforce well-being strategies. Nurs Manag. 2018;25(1):34-41. doi:10.7748/nm.2018.e1643

64.

Ozgundondu

Gok Metin

. Effects of progressive muscle relaxation combined with music on stress, fatigue, and coping styles among intensive care nurses. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2019;54:54-63. doi:10.1016/j.iccn.2019.07.007

65.

Phillips

Volker

Davidson

Becker

. Storytelling through music: A multidimensional expressive arts intervention to improve emotional well-being of oncology nurses. JOC Oncol Pract. 2020;16(4):e405-e414. doi:10.1200/JOP.19.00748

66.

Ploukou

Panagopoulou

. Playing music improves well-being of oncology nurses. Appl Nurs Res. 2018;39:77-80. doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2017.11.007

67.

Rose

Glass

. Community mental health nurses speak out: The critical relationship between emotional wellbeing and satisfying professional practice. Collegian. 2006;13(4):27-32. doi:10.1016/S1322-7696(08)60537-5

68.

Rose

Glass

. An Australian investigation of emotional work, emotional well-being and professional practice: An emancipatory inquiry. J Clin Nurs. 2010;19(9-10):1405-1414. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02997.x

69.

Semerci

Öztürk

Akgün Kostak

Elmas

İhsan Danacı

Musbeg

. The effect of progressive muscle relaxation exercises on compassion satisfaction, burnout, and compassion fatigue of nurse managers. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2020;57(3):1250-1256. doi:10.1111/ppc.12681

70.

Tuisku

Pulkki-Råback

Virtanen

. Cultural events provided by employer and occupational wellbeing of employees: A cross-sectional study among hospital nurses. Work. 2016;55(1):93-100. doi:10.3233/WOR-162389

71.

Niva

Sekar

Manikandan

, et al. Mahamantra chanting as an effective intervention for stress reduction among nursing professionals—A randomized controlled study. Adv Integrat Med. 2020;8(1):27-32. doi:10.1016/j.aimed.2020.05.007

72.

Djukanovic

Carlsson

Årestedt

. Is the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) a valid measure in a general population 65–80 years old? A psychometric evaluation study. Health Qual Life Outcome. 2017;15(1):193. doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0759-9

73.

Martino

Pegg

Frates

. The connection prescription: Using the power of social interactions and the deep desire for connectedness to empower health and wellness. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2017;11(6):466-475. doi:10.1177/1559827615608788

74.

Lee

Henderson

Shum

. The effect of music on preprocedure anxiety in Hong Kong Chinese day patients. J Clin Nurs. 2004;13(3):297-303. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00888.x

75.

Thaut

Davis

. The influence of subject-selected versus experimenter-chosen music on affect, anxiety, and relaxation. J Music Ther. 1993;30(4):210-223. doi:10.1093/jmt/30.4.210

76.

Lai

. Music preference and relaxation in Taiwanese elderly people. Geriatr Nurs. 2004;25(5):286-291. doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2004.08.009

77.

Pelletier

. The effect of music on decreasing arousal due to stress: A meta-analysis. J Music Ther. 2004;41(3):192-214. doi:10.1093/jmt/41.3.192

78.

Raglio

Bellandi

Gianotti

, et al. Daily music listening to reduce work-related stress: A randomized controlled pilot trial. J Publ Health. 2019;42(1):e81-e87. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdz030

79.

Amin

Kumar

Rajagopalan

, et al. Beneficial effects of OM chanting on depression, anxiety, stress and cognition in elderly women with hypertension. Indian J Clin Anat Physiol. 2016;3(3):253. doi:10.5958/2394-2126.2016.00056.6

80.

Smith

Viljoen

McGeachie

. African drumming: A holistic approach to reducing stress and improving health? J Cardiovasc Med. 2014;15(6):441-446. doi:10.2459/JCM.0000000000000046

81.

Bradt

Potvin

Kesslick

, et al. The impact of music therapy versus music medicine on psychological outcomes and pain in cancer patients: A mixed methods study. Support Care Cancer. 2015;23(5):1261-1271. doi:10.1007/s00520-014-2478-7

82.

de Witte

Pinho

AdS

Stams

Moonen

Bos

AER

van Hooren

. Music therapy for stress reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev. 2020;2020:1-26. Published online November 12. doi:10.1080/17437199.2020.1846580

83.

Gutgsell

Schluchter

Margevicius

, et al. Music therapy reduces pain in palliative care patients: A randomized controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2013;45(5):822-831. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.05.008

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.27 MB