Abstract

Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 . World Health Organization . Published March 2020 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
2.Coronavirus Resource Center . Johns Hopkins University . Published 2020 . Updated April 2020. Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
3.COVID-19 projections . Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation . Published 2020 . Updated April 2020. Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://covid19.healthdata.org/united-states-of-america
4.National health expenditure data . Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Updated December 2019. Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/NationalHealthExpendData/NationalHealthAccountsHistorical
5.
Tikkanen
R
Abrams
MK
. US health care from a global perspective, 2019: higher spending, worse outcomes? The Commonwealth Fund . Published January 2020 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2020/jan/us-health-care-global-perspective-2019
6.
Kamal
R
Hudman
J
McDermott
D
. What do we know about infant mortality in the US and comparable countries?
Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker . Published October 2019 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/infant-mortality-u-s-compare-countries/#item-start
7.
Galea
S.
Eighteen charts that make the case for public health . Boston University School of Public Health . Published August 2016 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.bu.edu/sph/2016/08/28/18-charts-that-make-the-case-for-public-health/
8.Making the case for hospitals to invest in housing . American Hospital Association . Published 2019 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.aha.org/issue-brief/2019-04-24-making-case-hospitals-invest-housing
9.Education and health: the return on investment . Virginia Commonwealth University . Published April 2015 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://societyhealth.vcu.edu/work/the-projects/education-and-health-the-return-on-investment.html
10.High return on investment . University of Pennsylvania center for high impact philanthropy . Published 2015 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.impact.upenn.edu/our-analysis/opportunities-to-achieve-impact/early-childhood-toolkit/why-invest/what-is-the-return-on-investment/
11.Community public safety investment . Urban Institute . Updated 2020. Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.urban.org/policy-centers/justice-policy-center/projects/community-public-safety-investment
12.Environmental health . Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion . Updated April 2020. Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/environmental-health
13.The case for investing in public health . World Health Organization . Published 2014 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/278073/Case-Investing-Public-Health.pdf
14.
Masters
R
Anwar
E
Collins
B
, et al. Return on investment of public health interventions: a systematic review . J Epidemiol Comm Health . 2017 ;71 (8 ):827 –834 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://jech.bmj.com/content/71/8/827
15.
Chen
JT
Rehkopf
DH
Waterman
PD
, et al. Mapping and measuring social disparities in premature mortality: the impact of census tract poverty within and across Boston neighborhoods, 1999–2001 . J Urban Health . 2006 ;83 (6 ):1063 –1084 .
16.
Rogan
E
Bradley
E
. Investing in social services for states’ health: identifying and overcoming the barriers . Milbank Memorial Fund . Published May 2016 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.milbank.org/publications/investing-in-social-services-for-states-health-identifying-and-overcoming-the-barriers/
17.
Stringhini
S
Carmeli
C
Jokela
M
, et al. Socioeconomic status and the 25×25 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: a multicohort study and meta-analysis of 1.7 million men and women . Lancet . 2017 ;389 (10075 ):1229 –1237 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32380-7/fulltext
18.
Braveman
P
Cubbin
C
Egerter
S
, et al. Neighborhoods and health . Robert Wood Johnson Foundation . Published May 2011 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2011/05/neighborhoods-and-health-.html
19.Benefits of physical activity . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Updated February 2020. Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm
20.
Story
M
Kaphingst
KM
Robinson-O’Brien
R
, et al. Creating healthy food and eating environments: policy and environmental approaches . Ann Rev Public Health . 2008 ;29 :253 –272 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090926
21.
Treuhaft
S
Karpyn
A
. The grocery gap: who has access to healthy food and why it matters . The Food Trust Policy Link . Published 2010 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . http://thefoodtrust.org/uploads/media_items/grocerygap.original.pdf
22.Nutrition: how to make healthier food choices . American Family Physician . 2018 ;97 (11 ):4 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0601/p721-s1.html
23.Why education matters to health: exploring the causes . Virginia Commonwealth University . Published February 2015 . Accessed April 21, 2020. https://societyhealth.vcu.edu/work/the-projects/why-education-matters-to-health-exploring-the-causes.html
24.The stranded poor: recognizing the importance of public transportation for low-income households . National association for state community services programs . Published 2008 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://nascsp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/issuebrief-benefitsofruralpublictransportation.pdf
25.
Solomon
D
Weller
CE
. Systematic inequality: how America’s structural racism helped create the black-white wealth gap . Center for American Progress . Published February 2018 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/reports/2018/02/21/447051/systematic-inequality/
26.
Matthew
DB
Rodrigue
E
Reeves
RV
. Time for justice: tackling race inequalities in health and housing . The Brookings Institution . Published October 2016 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.brookings.edu/research/time-for-justice-tackling-race-inequalities-in-health-and-housing/
27.Hopkins study examines racial, economic disparities in access to healthy food . Johns Hopkins University . Published December 2013 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://hub.jhu.edu/2013/12/09/race-and-health-food-access/
28.
Wilson
V
Rodgers
WM
. Black-White Wage Gaps Expand with Rising Wage Inequality . Economic Policy Institute . Published September 2016 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.epi.org/publication/black-white-wage-gaps-expand-with-rising-wage-inequality/
29.
Hostetter
M
Klein
S
. In focus: reducing racial disparities in health care by confronting racism . The Commonwealth Fund . Published September 2018 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/newsletter-article/2018/sep/focus-reducing-racial-disparities-health-care-confronting
30.Immigration, health care, and health . Robert Wood Johnson Foundation . Updated 2018. Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2017/09/immigration-status-and-health.html
31.
Passel
JS
Cohn
D
. Occupations of unauthorized immigrant workers . Pew Research Center . Published November 2016 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2016/11/03/occupations-of-unauthorized-immigrant-workers
/
32.Employment . Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion . Updated April 2020. Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-health/interventions-resources/employment
33.Health insurance coverage of the total population . Kaiser Family Foundation . Updated 2020. Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/total-population/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D
34.
Kirzinger
A
Muñana
C
Wu
B
, et al. Data note: Americans’ challenges with health care costs . Kaiser Family Foundation . Published June 2019 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.kff.org/health-costs/issue-brief/data-note-americans-challenges-health-care-costs/
35.
Bradley
EH
Canavan
M
Rogan
E
, et al. Variation in health outcomes: the role of spending on social services, public health, and health care, 2000–09 . Health Affairs . 2016 ;35 (5 ):7 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0814
36.
Bradley
EH
Elkins
BR
Herrin
J
, et al. Health and social services expenditures: associations with health outcomes . BMJ Qual Safe . 2011 ;20 (10 ):826 –831 . Accessed April 21, 2020 . https://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/20/10/826
