KohlHWIIICraigCLLambertEV. The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):294–305.
2.
CornelissenVASmartNA. Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2(1):e004473.
3.
World Health Organization. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2009.
4.
Endorsed by The ObesitySYoungDRHivertMF. Sedentary behavior and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134(13):e262–e279.
5.
BlackwellDClarkeTC. State variation in meeting the 2008 federal guidelines for both aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities through leisure-time physical activity among adults aged 18-64: United States, 2010-2015. Natl Health Stat Report. 2018;(112):1–22.
6.
LobeloFRohm YoungDSallisR. Routine assessment and promotion of physical activity in healthcare settings: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137(18):e495–e522.
7.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Chronic Conditions among Medicare Beneficiaries. Baltimore, MD: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services; 2012.
8.
GoetzelRZPeiXTabriziMJ. Ten modifiable health risk factors are linked to more than one-fifth of employer-employee health care spending. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012;31(11):2474–2484.
9.
KosteasV. The effect of exercise on earnings: evidence from the NLSY. J Labor Res. 2012;33(2):225–250.
10.
ConleyDGlauberR. Gender, body mass, and socioeconomic status: new evidence from the PSID. Adv Health Econ Health Serv Res. 2006;17:253–275.
11.
PronkNP. Fitness of the US workforce. Annu Rev Public Health. 2015;36:131–149.
12.
AndersonDSeaversonELDTerryPE. Health assessment. In: O’DonnellM., ed. Health Promotion in the Workplace. 5th ed. Troy, MI: American Journal of Health Promotion; 2017:407–436.
13.
US Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2018.
14.
HenryJ, Kaiser Family Foundation. 2017 Employer Health Benefits Survey. San Francisco, CA: Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation; 2017.
15.
PernaFMCoaKTroianoRP. Muscular grip strength estimates of the U.S. population from the national health and nutrition examination survey 2011-2012. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(3):867–874.
16.
1992 National Survey of Worksite Health Promotion Activities: summary. US Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service. Am J Health Promot. 1993;7(6):452–464.
17.
Mercer. 2016 Survey of National Employer-Sponsored Health Plans. New York, NY: Mercer; 2016.
18.
SolerRELeeksKDRaziS. A systematic review of selected interventions for worksite health promotion. The assessment of health risks with feedback. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(suppl 2):S237–S262.
19.
PronkNP. Physical activity promotion in business and industry: evidence, context, and recommendations for a national plan. J Phys Act Health. 2009;6(suppl 2):S220–S235.
20.
GrossmeierJBastableJSwayzeP. Seeking value: meaningful use of wearables as part of employer-sponsored health and well-being initiatives. Am J Health Promot. 2017;31(3):252–255.
21.
StamatakisERogersKDingD. All-cause mortality effects of replacing sedentary time with physical activity and sleeping using an isotemporal substitution model: a prospective study of 201,129 mid-aged and older adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2105;12:121.
22.
CrespinDJAbrahamJMRothmanAJ. The effect of participation in an incentive-based wellness program on self-reported exercise. Prev Med. 2016;82:92–98.
23.
AndersonDGrossmeierJSeaversonELDSnyderD. The role of financial incentives in driving employee engagement in health management. ACSMs Health Fit J. 2008;12:18–22.
24.
PatelMSVolppKGRosinR. A randomized, controlled trial of lottery-based financial incentives to increase physical activity among overweight and obese adults. Am J Health Promot. 2018;32(7):1568–1575. doi:10.1177/0890117118758932.
25.
VolppKGAschDAGalvinRLoewensteinG. Redesigning employee health incentives—lessons from behavioral economics. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(5):388–390.
26.
Consensus Statement of the Health Enhancement Research Organization, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, American Cancer Society, American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network, American Diabetes Association and the American Heart Association. Guidance for a reasonably designed, employer-sponsored wellness program using outcomes-based incentives. J Occup Environ Med. 2012;54(7):889–896.
27.
JonesDMolitorDReifJ. What Do Workplace Wellness Programs Do? Evidence from the Illinois Workplace Wellness Study (January 2018). NBER Working Paper No. w24229. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3106670.
28.
PronkNCrainALVanWormerJJMartinsonBCBoucherJLCosentinoDL. The use of telehealth technology in assessing the accuracy of self-reported weight and the impact of a daily immediate-feedback intervention among obese employees. Int J Telemed Appl. 2011;2011:909248.
29.
ColemanKJNgorEReynoldsK. Initial validation of an exercise “vital sign” in electronic medical records. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(11):2071–2076.
30.
HarrisCWatsonK. A data users guide to the BRFSS physical activity questions: How to assess the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2011.
31.
US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2017: Physical Activity and Physical Fitness—PAQ. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2017.
32.
NesBMVattenLJNaumanJJanszkyIWisloffU. A simple nonexercise model of cardiorespiratory fitness predicts long-term mortality. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(6):1159–1165.
33.
ChastinSFPalarea-AlbaladejoJDontjeMLSkeltonDA. Combined effects of time spent in physical activity, sedentary behaviors and sleep on obesity and cardio-metabolic health markers: a novel compositional data analysis approach. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0139984.
34.
Pettee GabrielKKMorrowJRJrWoolseyAL. Framework for physical activity as a complex and multidimensional behavior. J Phys Act Health. 2012;9(suppl 1):S11–S18.
35.
StrathSJKaminskyLAAinsworthBE. Guide to the assessment of physical activity: clinical and research applications: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;128(20):2259–2279.
36.
WelkGJBeylerNKKimYMatthewsCE. Calibration of self-report measures of physical activity and sedentary behavior. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49(7):1473–1481.
37.
DowdKPSzeklickiRMinettoMA. A systematic literature review of reviews on techniques for physical activity measurement in adults: a DEDIPAC study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2018;15(1):15.
38.
World Bank. World Development Report 2015: Mind, Society, and Behavior. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2015.
39.
MatthewsCEKeadleSKTroianoRP. Accelerometer-measured dose-response for physical activity, sedentary time, and mortality in US adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(5):1424–1432.
40.
ChauJYGrunseitACCheyT. Daily sitting time and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e80000.
41.
SunJWZhaoLGYangYMaXWangYYXiangYB. Association between television viewing time and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;182(11):908–916.
42.
HealyGNMatthewsCEDunstanDWWinklerEAOwenN. Sedentary time and cardio-metabolic biomarkers in US adults: NHANES 2003-06. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(5):590–597.
43.
DunstanDWKingwellBALarsenR. Breaking up prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(5):976–983.
44.
EkelundUSteene-JohannessenJBrownWJ. Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. Lancet. 2016;388:1302–1310.
45.
DempseyPCLarsenRNSethiP. Benefits for type 2 diabetes of interrupting prolonged sitting with brief bouts of light walking or simple resistance activities. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(6):964–972.
46.
OwenNHealyGNMatthewsCEDunstanDW. Too much sitting: the population health science of sedentary behavior. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2010;38(3):105–113.
47.
DiazKMHowardVJHuttoB. Patterns of sedentary behavior and mortality in U.S. Middle-aged and older adults: a national cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(7):465–475.
48.
GibbsBBHergenroederALKatzmarzykPTLeeIMJakicicJM. Definition, measurement, and health risks associated with sedentary behavior. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(6):1295–1300.
49.
HealyGNClarkBKWinklerEAGardinerPABrownWJMatthewsCE. Measurement of adults’ sedentary time in population-based studies. Am J Prev Med. 2011;41(2):216–227.
50.
PrinceSALeBlancAGColleyRCSaundersTJ. Measurement of sedentary behaviour in population health surveys: a review and recommendations. PeerJ. 2017;5:e4130.
51.
HarberMPKaminskyLAArenaR. Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on all-cause and disease-specific mortality: advances since 2009. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;60(1):11–20.
52.
BaladyGJArenaRSietsemaK. Clinician’s Guide to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;122(2):191–225.
53.
GuazziMArenaRHalleMPiepoliMFMyersJLavieCJ. 2016 focused update: clinical recommendations for cardiopulmonary exercise testing data assessment in specific patient populations. Circulation. 2016;133:e694–e711.
54.
GuazziMAdamsVConraadsV. EACPR/AHA Scientific Statement. Clinical recommendations for cardiopulmonary exercise testing data assessment in specific patient populations. Circulation. 2012;126(18):2261–2274.
55.
KaminskyLAArenaRBeckieTM. The importance of cardiorespiratory fitness in the United States: the need for a national registry: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127(5):652–662.
56.
KaminskyLAArenaRMyersJ. Reference standards for cardiorespiratory fitness measured with cardiopulmonary exercise testing: data from the fitness registry and the importance of exercise national database. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(11):1515–1523.
57.
KaminskyLAImbodenMTArenaRMyersJ. Reference standards for cardiorespiratory fitness measured with cardiopulmonary exercise testing using cycle ergometry: data from the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database (FRIEND) registry. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(2):228–233.
58.
MyersJArenaRFranklinB. Recommendations for clinical exercise laboratories: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2009;119(24):3144–3161.
59.
LauerMFroelicherESWilliamsMKligfieldP, American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology SoECR and Prevention. Exercise testing in asymptomatic adults: a statement for professionals from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology, Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention. Circulation. 2005;112(5):771–776.
60.
FletcherGFAdesPAKligfieldP. Exercise standards for testing and training: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;128(8):873–934.
61.
MyersJFormanDEBaladyGJ. Supervision of exercise testing by nonphysicians: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;130(12):1014–1027.
62.
Internal Revenue Service, Department of the Treasury; Employee Benefits Security Administration, Department of Labor; Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Department of Health and Human Services. Incentives for nondiscriminatory wellness programs in group health plans. Fed Regist. 2013;78(106):33157–33192.
63.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. EEOC enforcement guidance on disability-related injurines and medical examinations of employees under the Americans with Disabilities Act. 2000. Washington, DC: EEOC.
64.
American Heart Association. Workplace Health Playbook. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association; 2018.