The Minne-Loppet Motivation Study: An Intervention to Increase Motivation for Outdoor Winter Physical Activity in Ethnically and Racially Diverse Elementary Schools

Abstract

Purpose:

To test the effectiveness of an intervention to increase motivation for physical activity in racially diverse third- through fifth-grade students.

Design:

Natural experiment.

Setting:

Elementary schools in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Participants:

Two hundred ninety-one students in 18 Minne-Loppet Ski Program classes and 210 students in 12 control classrooms from the same schools.

Intervention:

The Minne-Loppet Ski Program, an 8-week curriculum in elementary schools that teaches healthy physical activity behaviors through cross-country skiing.

Measures:

Pretest and posttest surveys measured self-determination theory outcomes: intrinsic exercise motivation, intrinsic ski motivation, autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

Analysis:

Hierarchical linear regression models tested treatment effects controlled for grade, race, sex, and baseline measures of the outcomes.

Results:

Minne-Loppet program students showed significantly greater motivation to ski (β = 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15-1.75) and significantly greater perceived competence (β = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.06-1.50) than students in control classrooms. Treatment effects for general exercise motivation and perceived competence differed by race. African American students in Minne-Loppet classes showed significantly greater general exercise motivation (β = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.03-2.14) and perceived competence (β = 1.95, 95% CI: 0.91-2.99) than African American students in control classes.

Conclusion:

The Minne-Loppet program promoted perceived competence and motivation to ski. Future improvements to the Minne-Loppet and similar interventions should aim to build general motivation and provide support needed to better engage all participants.

Keywords

fitness interventions young children age-specific specific populations racial minority groups underserved populations school specific settings low income

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