Cauraugh J , Light K, Kim S, Thigpen M, Behrman A.2000. Chronic motor dysfunction after stroke: recovering wrist and finger extension by electromyography-triggered neuromuscular stimulation. Stroke31:1360-1364.
2.
Colebatch JG , Gandevia SC.1989. The distribution of muscular weakness in upper motor neuron lesions affecting the arm. Brain112:749-763.
3.
Crisostomo EA , Duncan PW, Propst M, Dawson DV, Davis JN.1988. Evidence that amphetamine with physical therapy promotes recovery of motor function in stroke patients. Ann Neurol23:94-97.
4.
Deiber MP , Ibanez V, Honda M, Sadato N, Raman R, Hallett M.1998. Cerebral processes related to visuomotor imagery and generation of simple finger movements studied with positron emission tomography. NeuroImage7:73-85.
5.
Esquenazi A , Mayer N.2001. Botulinum toxin for the management of muscle overactivity and spasticity after stroke. Curr Atheroscler Rep3:295-298.
6.
Feeney DM.1997. From laboratory to clinic: noradrenergic enhancement of physical therapy for stroke or trauma patients. Adv Neurol73:383-394.
Fouad K , Dietz V, Schwab ME.2001. Improving axonal growth and functional recovery after experimental spinal cord injury by neutralizing myelin associated inhibitors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev36:204-212.
9.
Gladstone DJ , Black SE.2000. Enhancing recovery after stroke with noradrenergic pharmacotherapy: a new frontier?Can J Neurol Sci27:97-105.
10.
Goldstein LB.1995. Common drugs may influence motor recovery after stroke. The Sygen In Acute Stroke Study Investigators. Neurology45:865-871.
11.
Goldstein LB.1997. Influence of common drugs and related factors on stroke outcome. Curr Opin Neurol10:52-57.
12.
Goldstein LB.2000. Rehabilitation and recovery after stroke. Curr Treat Options Neurol2:319-328.
13.
Grade C , Redford B, Chrostowski J, Toussaint L, Blackwell B.1998. Methylphenidate in early poststroke recovery: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil79:1047-1050.
14.
Hallett M.1999. Plasticity in the human motor system. The Neuroscientist5:324-332.
15.
Hallett M.2000. Plasticity. In: Mazziotta JC, Toga AW, Frackowiak RSJ, editors. Brain mapping: the disorders. San Diego (Calif): Academic Press. p 569-586.
16.
Hallett M.2001a. Plasticity of the human motor cortex and recovery from stroke. Brain Res Brain Res Rev36:169-174.
17.
Hallett M.2001b. Functional reorganization after lesions of the human brain: studies with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Rev Neurol (Paris)157:822-826.
18.
Hamdy S , Aziz Q, Thompson DG, Rothwell JC.2001. Physiology and pathophysiology of the swallowing area of human motor cortex. Neural Plast8:91-97.
19.
Holden MK , Dettwiler A, Dyar T, Niemann G, Bizzi E.2001. Retraining movement in patients with acquired brain injury using a virtual environment. Stud Health Technol Inform81:192-198.
20.
Hummelsheim H , Maier-Loth ML, Eickhof C.1997. The functional value of electrical muscle stimulation for the rehabilitation of the hand in stroke patients. Scand J Rehabil Med29:3-10.
21.
Isaacs RE , Weber DJ, Schwartz AB.2000. Work toward real-time control of a cortical neural prothesis. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng8:196-198.
22.
Jack D , Boian R, Merians AS, Tremaine M, Burdea GC, Adamovich SV, Recce M, Poizner H.2001. Virtual reality-enhanced stroke rehabilitation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng9:308-318.
23.
Johansson BB , Haker E, von Arbin M, Britton M, Langstrom G, Terent A, Ursing D, Asplund K.2001. Acupuncture and transcutaneous nerve stimulation in stroke rehabilitation: a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke32:707-713.
24.
Kondziolka D , Wechsler L, Goldstein S, Meltzer C, Thulborn KR, Gebel J, Jannetta P, DeCesare S, Elder EM, McGrogan M, and others. 2000. Transplantation of cultured human neuronal cells for patients with stroke. Neurology55:565-569.
25.
Lauer RT , Peckham PH, Kilgore KL.1999. EEG-based control of a hand grasp neuroprosthesis. Neuroreport10:1767-1771.
26.
Lauer RT , Peckham PH, Kilgore KL, Heetderks WJ.2000. Applications of cortical signals to neuroprosthetic control: a critical review. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng8:205-208.
27.
Lee EH , Ma YL.1995. Amphetamine enhances memory retention and facilitates norepinephrine release from the hippocampus in rats. Brain Res Bull37:411-416.
28.
Liepert J , Bauder H, Wolfgang HR, Miltner WH, Taub E, Weiller C.2000. Treatment-induced cortical reorganization after stroke in humans. Stroke31:1210-1216.
29.
Liepert J , Miltner WH, Bauder H, Sommer M, Dettmers C, Taub E, Weiller C.1998. Motor cortex plasticity during constraint-induced movement therapy in stroke patients. Neurosci Lett250:5-8.
30.
Liepert J , Storch P, Fritsch A, Weiller C.2000. Motor cortex disinhibition in acute stroke. Clin Neurophysiol111:671-676.
31.
Liepert J , Tegenthoff M, Malin JP.1995. Changes of cortical motor area size during immobilization. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol97:382-386.
32.
Mackenzie-Knapp M.1999. Electrical stimulation in early stroke rehabilitation of the upper limb with inattention. Aust J Physiother45:223-227.
33.
Meltzer CC , Kondziolka D, Villemagne VL, Wechsler L, Goldstein S, Thulborn KR, Gebel J, Elder EM, DeCesare S, Jacobs A.2001. Serial [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomograghy after human neuronal implantation for stroke. Neurosurgery49:586-591; discussion 91- 2.
34.
Miltner WH , Bauder H, Sommer M, Dettmers C, Taub E.1999. Effects of constraint-induced movement therapy on patients with chronic motor deficits after stroke: a replication. Stroke30:586-592.
35.
Mudie MH , Matyas TA.2000. Can simultaneous bilateral movement involve the undamaged hemisphere in reconstruction of neural networks damaged by stroke?Disabil Rehabil22:23-37.
36.
Muellbacher W , Richards C, Ziemann U, Wittenberg G, Weltz D, Boroojerdi B, Cohen LG, Hallett M.2002. Improving hand function in chronic stroke. Arch Neurol. Forthcoming.
37.
Page SJ , Levine P, Sisto SA, Johnston MV.2001. Mental practice combined with physical practice for upper-limb motor deficit in subacute stroke. Phys Ther81:1455-1462.
38.
Pascual-Leone A , Cammarota A, Wassermann EM, Brasil-Neto JP, Cohen LG, Hallett M.1993. Modulation of motor cortical outputs to the reading hand of Braille readers. Ann Neurol34:33-37.
39.
Pascual-Leone A , Dang N, Cohen LG, Brasil-Neto JP, Cammarota A, Hallett M.1995. Modulation of muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation during the acquisition of new fine motor skills. J Neurophysiol74:1037-1045.
40.
Powell J , Pandyan AD, Granat M, Cameron M, Stott DJ.1999. Electrical stimulation of wrist extensors in post-stroke hemiplegia. Stroke30:1384-1389.
41.
Prochazka A , Gauthier M, Wieler M, Kenwell Z.1997. The bionic glove: an electrical stimulator garment that provides controlled grasp and hand opening in quadriplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil78:608-614.
42.
Ridding MC , Brouwer B, Miles TS, Pitcher JB, Thompson PD.2000. Changes in muscle responses to stimulation of the motor cortex induced by peripheral nerve stimulation in human subjects. Exp Brain Res131:135-143.
43.
Ridding MC , McKay DR, Thompson PD, Miles TS.2001. Changes in corticomotor representations induced by prolonged peripheral nerve stimulation in humans. Clin Neurophysiol112:1461-1469.
44.
Sathian K , Greenspan AI, Wolf SL.2000. Doing it with mirrors: a case study of a novel approach to neurorehabilitation. Neurorehabil Neural Repair14:73-76.
45.
Scheidtmann K , Fries W, Muller F, Koenig E.2001. Effect of levodopa in combination with physiotherapy on functional motor recovery after stroke: a prospective, randomised, double-blind study. Lancet358:787-790.
46.
Soetens E , Casaer S, D’Hooge R, Hueting JE.1995. Effect of amphetamine on long-term retention of verbal material. Psychopharmacology (Berl)119:155-162.
47.
Sonde L , Nordstrom M, Nilsson CG, Lokk J, Viitanen M.2001. Adouble-blind placebo-controlled study of the effects of amphetamine and physiotherapy after stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis12:253-257.
48.
Staines WR , McIlroy WE, Graham SJ, Black SE.2001. Bilateral movement enhances ipsilesional cortical activity in acute stroke: a pilot functional MRI study. Neurology56:401-404.
49.
Stroemer RP , Kent TA, Hulsebosch CE.1998. Enhanced neocortical neural sprouting, synaptogenesis, and behavioral recovery with D-amphetamine therapy after neocortical infarction in rats. Stroke29:2381-2393; discussion 93-5.
50.
Taub E , Miller NE, Novack TA, Cook EWd, Fleming WC, Nepomuceno CS, Connell JS, Crago JE.1993. Technique to improve chronic motor deficit after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil74:347-354.
51.
Taub E , Uswatte G, Pidikiti R.1999. Constraint-induced movement therapy: a new family of techniques with broad application to physical rehabilitation—a clinical review. J Rehabil Res Dev36:237-251.
52.
Tekeoglu Y , Adak B, Goksoy T.1998. Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on barthel activities of daily living (ADL) index score following stroke. Clin Rehabil12:277-280.
53.
Veizovic T , Beech JS, Stroemer RP, Watson WP, Hodges H.2001. Resolution of stroke deficits following contralateral grafts of conditionally immortal neuroepithelial stem cells. Stroke32:1012-1019.
54.
Volpe BT , Krebs HI, Hogan N, Edelstein OL, Diels C, Aisen M.2000. A novel approach to stroke rehabilitation: robot-aided sensorimotor stimulation. Neurology54:1938-1944.
55.
Walker-Batson D , Smith P, Curtis S, Unwin H, Greenlee R.1995. Amphetamine paired with physical therapy accelerates motor recovery after stroke. Further evidence. Stroke26:2254-2259.
56.
Wassermann EM , Pascual-Leone A, Hallett M.1994. Cortical motor representation of the ipsilateral hand and arm. Exp Brain Res100:121-132.
57.
Whitall J , McCombe Waller S, Silver KH, Macko RF.2000. Repetitive bilateral arm training with rhythmic auditory cueing improves motor function in chronic hemiparetic stroke. Stroke31:2390-2395.
58.
Wittenberg GF , Chen R, Ishii K, Bushara KO, Eckloff S, Croarkin E, Taub E, Gerber LH, Hallett M, Cohen LG.2002. Constraint-induced therapy in stroke: magnetic stimulation motor maps and cerebral activation. Forthcoming.
59.
Wittenberg GF , Chen R, Ishii K, Croarkin E, Eckloff S, Gerber LH, Taub E, Hallett M, Cohen LG.2000. Task-related and resting regional cerebral bloodflow changes after constraint-induced movement therapy. Neurology54(Suppl. 3): A8.
60.
Wolpaw JR , Birbaumer N, Heetderks WJ, McFarland DJ, Peckham PH, Schalk G, Donchin E, Quatrano LA, Robinson CJ, Vaughan TM.2000. Brain-computer interface technology: a review of the first international meeting. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng8:164-173.
61.
Wolpaw JR , McFarland DJ, Vaughan TM.2000. Brain-computer interface research at the wadsworth center. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng8:222-226.
62.
Wong AM , Su TY, Tang FT, Cheng PT, Liaw MY.1999. Clinical trial of electrical acupuncture on hemiplegic stroke patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil78:117-122.
63.
Ziemann U , Hallett M, Cohen LG.1998. Mechanisms of deafferentation-induced plasticity in human motor cortex. J Neurosci18:7000-7007.
64.
Ziemann U , Ishii K, Borgheresi A, Yaseen Z, Battaglia F, Hallett M, Cincotta M, Wassermann EM.1999. Dissociation of the pathways mediating ipsilateral and contralateral motor-evoked potentials in human hand and arm muscles. J Physiol (Lond)518:895-906.
65.
Ziemann U , Muellbacher W, Hallett M, Cohen LG.2001. Modulation of practice-dependent plasticity in human motor cortex. Brain. Forthcoming.