1. Napoleon Cybulski “Czy państwo i społeczeństwo mają obowiązek popierać naukę” (Are the state and the society obliged to support science?), offprint of “Pamiętnik Fizjologiczny” (Cracow, 1895).

2. Proceedings of the first congress, in Nauka Polska, vol. 3 (1920); Proceedings of the second congress, in Nauka Polska vol. 8 (1927).

3. The opposition function of the humanities against theology was stressed by Józef Donat, a Jesuit and a professor of Innsbruck University (Austria) in a book translated into Polish, Wolnośćnauki—obraz nowoczesnego życia umysłowego (Freedom of science—a picture of modern intellectual life) (Cracow, 1930).

4. Józef Nusbaum-Hilarowicz “Uczeni i uczniowie” (Scholars and students) (Lvov, 1910).

5. Inaugural speech of 1932, in “Przemówienia rektorskie” (President's speeches) (Lvov, 1933).

6. Władysław Konopczyński, “Pod trupią główką” (Under death head)—a series of articles in Tygodnik Powszechny, nos. 3-17 (1945).

7. Stefan Żółkiewski, animator of the Party policy, stated: “We are not yet ready for an essential reform of the system of institutions of higher learning. Neither materially nor organizationally. For a moment we must reconstruct this sector of education in its previous form while rationalizing its organization and system in all cases where there are means: material, human, and organizational.” From an article, “Niedoceniane i przemilczane” (Underestimated and concealed), in Kuźnica, no. 7 (1945).

8. Władysław Konopczyński, “Zadania nauki historycznej w Polsce dzisiejszej” (Objectives of history in Poland today), in Nauka Polska, vol. 25 (1947).

9. Borejsza's career began in Lvov after the invasion of the Red Army in 1939. His position after the war was strengthened by his brother, a high official of the security. See Barbara Fijałkowska, “Borejsza i Różański. Przyczynek do dziejów stalinizmu w Polsce” (Borejsza and Różański. A contribution to the history of Stalinism in Poland) (Olsztyn, 1995).

10. Antoine Fouquier-Tinville, a Jacobin, asked to postpone the execution of Antoine Lavoisier, replied, “The Republic does not need scientists” (1794).

11. Jerzy Borejsza, “Rewolucja łagodna” (Soft revolution), an article in Odrodzenie nos. 10-12 (1945).

12. This argument referring to the culture is documented by Marta Fik in her article “Kultura polska 1944-1956” (The Polish culture 1944-1956), in Barbara Otwinowska, Jan Żaryn, eds. Polacy wobec przemocy 1944-1956, (Warszawa, 1996).

13. The 1 March 1945 letter of Stanisław Kutrzeba to the minister Stanisław Skrzeszewski, with the included copies of the report for Bierut and the addressee, the Archives of the PAS, division in Cracow, legacy of Stanisław Kutrzeba, sygn. K III-11, j.a I/55.

14. The influence of Kutrzeba was strengthened by his stay in Moscow in June 1945. He took part in celebrations of the 220th anniversary of the Soviet Academy of Science. With Adam Krzyżanowski, another member of the PASL, he was invited to political talks on the establishment of the Government of National Unity under the patronage of the USSR, the USA, and Great Britain.

15. Ludwik Sawicki, “W sprawie organizacji nauki—memoriał przeznaczony do użytku wewnętrznego” (On the organization of science—internal report), AAN in Warsaw, acts of the Ministry of Education, sygn. D-IV-171/31-33, 16 February 1945, and Uzupełnienie (Supplement to the report), 20 August 1945.

16. AAN in Warsaw, acts MO sygn. D-IV-171/34, dated 13 November 1945.

17. Summary and papers of the conference published in Życie Nauki, no. 2 (1946).

18. “Theses” was published in Życie Nauki, no. 2 (1946). The authors were Stanisław Kutrzeba (President of the PASL), Tadeusz Kowalski (Secretary General of the PASL), and Adam Vetulani. Kutrzeba died before the conference on 7 January 1946. The text of “Theses” remained unchanged.

19. The meeting was held in Warsaw between 20 and 23 August 1945. The minutes of the meeting, with enclosures in AAN in Warsaw, acts MO, sygn. D-IV-168/22-23. The council was set up on the initiative of Czesław Wycech, Minister of Education, appointed to the Government of National Unity. Wycech had experience in directing education in the Delegation of the Government in the Country (the so-called “underground state”).

20. The academy lost its farms after the Soviet invasion of Eastern territories and the post war agrarian reform. At the time, the land reform did not include the lands belonging to the Roman Catholic Church and other religious organizations.

21. Postulate made by Mieczysław Choynowski, editor of Życie Nauki.

22. Quoted in a letter of the Mianowski Fund to the Ministry of Education, (dated 20 May 1948, Archives of the PAS, acts of kasa M., sygn. I-1/12.

23. The polemic text of Sawicki is dated 22 January 1946, which proves that a project of “Theses” at the conference of Cracow reached the authorities (namely, Berman) before the proceedings. Jakub Berman was responsible for cultural and scientific policy and—a characteristic combination—for security in the Party. Sawicki's text in AAN in Warsaw, acts MO, sygn. D-IV-169/33.

24. Życie Nauki, no. 5 (1946).

25. Jan Mydlarski, “W sprawie organizacji nauki polskiej” (On the organization of Polish science), Życie Nauki, nos. 7-8 (1946).

26. Tadeusz Kowalski, “O Sejmie nauki polskiej i o `Grupie Nieśmiertelnych' ” (On the parliament of Polish science and on a `group of the immortal'), Życie Nauki, nos. 9-10 (1946).

27. Jan Mydlarski, “Jeszcze o organizacji nauki polskiej” (More on the organization of Polish science), Życie Nauki, nos. 15-16 (1947).

28. Janusz Domaniewski, “W sprawie organizacji nauki polskiej” (On the organization of Polish science), Życie Nauki, nos. 15-16 (1947).

29. Włodzimierz Michajłow, “O planowość badań naukowych” (On the planning of scientific research) Odrodzenie, no. 26 (1945).

30. “Plan pracy Departamentu Nauki i Szkół Wyższych na lipiec 1945” (Plan of the activities of the Department of Science and Institutions of Higher Education, 15 June 194, AAN in Warsaw, acts MO, sygn. D-IV-168/22-23.

31. The first attempt—Decree of 17 May 1946—failed because of formal transgressions. The council, already working, received legal foundations (an act and not a government decree) on 23 September 1946.

32. “Uchwała Prezydium Komisji Centralnej Związków Zawodowych” (Resolution of the Central Commission of Trade Unions) 17 May 1946, published the following day in the daily press.

33. Rzeczpospolita, no. 1567, (8 June 1946).

34. Before the war, he was Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of Internal Affairs; during the war he was a lecturer of the Polish legal department at Oxford. In a letter of 30 July 1945, he offered to command the Ministry of Education (AAN in Warsaw, acts MO, sygn, D-IV-168/24-25). As a lecturer at Warsaw University he also performed duties of director of the Office of Organization and Personnel of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers. He was the author of the postwar legislation of science and higher education.

35. Kuźnica, no. 24 (1947). The article by Chałasiński was preceded by an editorial polemic by Stefan Jędrychowski, an influential communist, entitled “Walka o wolność nauki czy o utrzymanie starego porządku?” (Struggle for freedom of science or for keeping the old order?).

36. “Uwagi dotyczące projektu dyr. Marowskiego” (Comments on Director Marowski's project), confidential document addressed by Włodzimierz Sokorski to the Party authorities. He argued against bureaucratic resistance of officials of the Ministry of Education toward the council.

37. This process was demonstrated by the example of cooperatives by Kazimierz Z.Sowa in Wstęp do sociologicznej teorii zrzeszeń (An introduction to sociological theory of associations), 2nd ed. (Warsaw, 1988).

38. Janusz Romul, “Państwo a stowarzyszenia” (The state and associations), in Adam Łopatka, ed, Organizacja społeczeństwa socjalistycznego w Polsce, (Warsaw, 1970).

39. Adopted by the board on 26 January 1945 during the first session organized one week after the Red Army entered Cracow. Archives of the PAS, division in Cracow (A PASC), acts PASL, sygn. PAU I-11.

40. Nauka i Sztuka, no. 1 (1945).

41. Rocznik WSS 1938-1945 was published in 1954, after the suppression of the Society.

42. Jan Tur on the conception of Henryk Hoyer, cofounder of the Society, cited after Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie - materiały do jego dziejów w latach 1907-1950 (Warsaw Scientific Society—its history in the years 1907-1950), prepared by Bogdan Nawroczyński (Warsaw, 1950), 20.

43. A project of “Uchwały Biura Politycznego KC PZPR w sprawie Polskiej Akademii Nauk” (Resolution of the CC PUWP on the Polish Academy of Science), April 1951, AAN in Warsaw, acts PZPR, sygn. 237/XVI-27.

44. Data from the secret ministerial statistics, “Obsada stanowisk kierowniczych w Ministerstwie Oświaty” (Managing staff in the Ministry of Education). A copy of the document was sent on 29 February 1948 to the Presidium of the Council of Ministers, AAN in Warsaw, acts MO, sygn. 135/9.

45. Minutes of the session in the archives of the PAS in Warsaw (A PAS), acts of the Warsaw Scientific Society (WSS), sygn. I-2/88.

46. Letter of 26 February 1948, signed by the Undersecretary of State Eugenia Krassowska, AAN in Warsaw, acts MO, sygn. D-IV-171/14.

47. Opinion of Bogdan Kamieński presented on 12 December 1947 on a meeting of the PASL members. A note from the meeting in the archives of PAS - C, acts PASL, sygn. PAU -I-148.

48. Minutes of sessions of the Section of Organization of Science, AAN in Warsaw, acts of the Supreme Council, sygn. RG -64/I.

49. Zbigniew Wasilewski “Front nauki—rozważania w 75 rocznicęPolskiej Akademii Umiejetności w Krakowie” (Front of science—considerations in the 75th anniversary of the Polish Academy of Science and Letters in Cracow), Wieś, no. 43 (1948).

50. He was Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of Education. The statement was published in Robotnik, no. 276 (6 October 1948), Nauka zapalny odcinek frontu kultury (Science, a trouble spot in the front line of culture). The title is very characteristic for its military reference.

51. In an article, “O postęp na wyższych uczelniach” (For progress in institutions of higher education), in Nowe Drogi, no. 4 (1949).

52. In “Bieżące zadania w zakresie planowania i organizacji nauki” (Current tasks in the planning and organization of science), AAN in Warsaw, acts of the Main Council, sygn. RG- 65.

53. A PAS, acts WSS, sygn. I-2/15. The session took place on 1 July 1952.

54. An entry in the minutes of sessions of the society board on 27 June 1949, A PAS, acts WSS, sygn. I-2/15.

55. Wspomnienia (Memoirs) (Warsaw, 1986), 207.

56. Text and projects in the Archives of PAS, acts, WSS, sygn. I-2/300.

57. Czesław Miłosz, The Captive Mind, Introduction.

58. Stanisław Murzański, Między kompromisem a zdradą. Intelektualiści wobec przemocy 1945-1956 (Between compromise and treason: Intellectuals in the face of violence 1945-1956) (Warsaw, 1993), 6.

59. Karol Estreicher: “Z materiałów i wspomnień rewindykacyjnych” (From revindicative materials and memories), in Ne cedat Academia. Kartki z dziejów tainego nauczania w Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim 1939-1945 (Cracow, 1975).

60. Kazimierz Piwarski, “19 miesięcy w Dachau” (19 months in Dachau), in Materiały i dokumenty do dziejów nauki polskiej w czasie II wojny światowej,” no. 1 (Wrocław, 1980).

61. Bogusław Leśnodorski, “O celach zwiazku zawodowego pracownikow naukowych” (Aims of academicians union), Życie Nauki, no. 3 (1946).

62. Editorial “O czymś gorszym niż sprzeciwy” (Something worse than opposition), Życie Nauki, nos. 7-8 (1946).

63. A PAS, acts WSS, sygn. I-2/85. A letter of 13 October and the answer of the society, dated 15 November 1948.

64. A PAS, division in Cracow, acts PASL, sygn. 294/49.

65. Materials of the control, AAN in Warsaw, acts MO, sygn. D-IV-172/12/1.

66. Maria Wojciechowska, “Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk po II wojnie światowej” (Poznań Society of Friends of Science after the World War II), in Roczniki Historyczne, vol. 23 (1957).

67. “Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Naukowego na Obczyźnie” (Yearbook of the Polish Scientific Society in Exile), 1950/1951 (London).

68. “Przewrót obcy w kulturze polskiej” (Foreign upheaval in the Polish culture), off-print of Orzeł Biały (London, 1952).

69. AAN in Warsaw, acts of the Polish Workers' Party, sygn. 295/XVII-58.

70. Paper published in I Kongres Nauki Polskiej (The first congress of Polish science) (Warsaw, 1957).

71. A copy of the paper of 14 July 1952, A PAS, division in Cracow, acts PASL, sygn. 618/12.

The Last Flight of Pegasus: the Story of the Polish Academy of Science and Letters and of the Warsaw Scientific Society,1945-1952

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