1. Quoted in Celia S. Heller, On the Edge of Destruction: Jews of Poland Between the Two World Wars (Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press, 1994) p. 38.

2. Ewa Thompson, “Reflections on Richard Lukas' The Forgotten Holocaust,”Sarmatian Review 18:2 www.ruf.rice.edu/sarmatian.

3. Tomasz Strzembosz, Rzeczpospolita, 27 January 2001.

4. Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard New Order 1940-1944 (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1972).

5. Yitzhak Rabin, Pinkas Sherut (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1979).

6. Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem 1947-1949 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984).

7. Benny Morris, Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-1999 (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1999).

8. Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (New York: WW.Norton, 2000).

9. Yoram Hazony, The Jewish State; the Struggle for Israel's Soul (New York: Basic Books, 2000).

10. The pettiness of this debate sank to a new nadir when the issue became not whether ethnic Poles participated in the Jedwabne massacre, but how many were actually killed; see Financial Times, (London) 7 July 2001.

11. See Ilya Prizel: National Identity and Foreign Policy: Poland, Russia, Ukraine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

12. A notable exception to the anti-Semitic intellectual climate was Eliza Orzeszkowa.

13. See Harold B, Segel, ed., Stranger in Our Midst: Images of the Jew in Polish Literature (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1996).

14. See Monika Adamczyk-Grabowska, “Poles and Poland in I. B. Singer's Fiction,”Polin 5 (1990): 288-302.

15. The two countries where the native population successfully resisted the implementation of the Final Solution were Denmark and Bulgaria. However, neither case is analogous to Poland. Not only were the Danish and the Bulgarian Jewish communities tiny in comparison to Poland's, but, “Aryan” Denmark was treated as a privileged territory and hence the Nazis were willing to allow the Danes to export to Sweden their highly assimilated Jews. Bulgaria, was not an occupied country but rather an ally of Germany, hence the popular opposition to Jewish deportation did not entail the risk of execution as it did for the Poles.

16. See Roland Modras, The Catholic Church and Anti-Semitism, Poland 1933-1939 (Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Press, 1994), 403.

17. Jerzy Jedlicki, “How to Deal with This,”Polytika, 10 February 2001.

18. Joshua Rubenstein and Vladimir P. Naumov, Stalin's Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2001).

19. See A QUO PRIMUM (On Jews and Christians Living in the Same Place) Encyclical of Pope Benedict XIV promulgated to the primate, archbishops, and bishops of the Kingdom of Poland, 14 June 1751.

20. See Brian A. Porter, When Nationalism Began to Hate: Imagining Modern Politics in Nineteenth Century Poland (New York: Oxford University Press) 2000

21. See Theodore R. Weeks, “The `international Jewish Conspiracy' reaches Poland: Teodor Jeske-Choinski and His Works,”East European Quarterly 31: 1 (1997)

22. Jedlicki, “How to Dear With This.”

23. See Julien Benda, The Treason of the Intellectuals (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969).

24. See Alan Ryan, Property (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987).

25. See Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of Modern World (Boston, Mass. Beacon Press, 1966).

26. Ezra Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe Between the World Wars (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983), 40.

27. Harry Rabinowicz, The Legacy of Polish Jewry 1919-1939 (New York: Yoselof Books, 1965), 100.

28. Jerzy Tomaszewski, “The Expulsion of Jewish-Polish Citizens from Germany October 28-29, 1938,”Acta Polonae Historica 76 (1997): 97-122.

29. Richard C. Lukas, The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German occupation 1939-1944 (New York: Hippocrene Pres, 1996), 125.

30. Rabinowicz, Legacy, 56.

31. See Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (3 vols.) (New York and London: Holmes & Meier, 1985).

32. Jedlicki, “How to Deal with This.”

33. Zygmunt Bauman, Nowoczesnosc Lzaglada (Warsaw 1989), 85.

34. Jürgen Habermas, “Citizenship and National Identity: Some Reflections on the Future of Europe,”Praxis International 12: 1 (1992); 4.

35. Agnieszka Magdziak-Miszewska, “The Most Serious Test,”Wiez, April 2001.

36. See Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, “Attitudes of Young Poles Toward Jews in Post 1989 Poland,”East European Politics and Society 14: 3 (Spring 2000): 565-596.

Jedwabne: Will the Right Question be Raised?

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